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Journalism under Duress: Worlds of Journalism Study Report (Wave 3: 2021–2025)
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Thomas Hanitzsch, Folker Hanusch, Corinna Lauerer, Vera Slavtcheva-Petkova (eds.)

Munich: Ludwig-Maximilian Universität (LMU), WJS Center (2025), 371 pp.

"This report presents findings from the third wave of the Worlds of Journalism Study (WJS3), conducted between 2021 and 2025. In this iteration, we focused on journalists’ perceptions of risk and uncertainty in their profession and sought to identify key factors that shape how journalists navigate ... more

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Challenges of Journalists Across All Continents in the Coverage of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Rut Gomez-Sobrino, Daniel Catalan-Matamoros

Journalism Practice, volume 19, issue 9 (2025), pp. 2019-2040

"During the COVID-19 crisis, journalists doubled efforts to keep societies informed, safe, and disease-free. The study examines and compares specific challenges that journalists, based in diverse world regions, confronted during the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey was conducted with 215 journalists work ... more

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Bridging digital gaps in a mobile device age: Evidence from community telecentres in Ghana

Daniel Azerikatoa Ayoung, Frederic Naazi-Ale Baada, Oswin Aganda Anaba, Augustine Aduko Alu

African Journal of Empirical Research, volume 6, issue 3 (2025), pp. 776-792

"This study explores the usefulness of Community Information Centres (CICs) amidst growing ubiquity of mobile phones. It examines how CICs can play a complementary role to personal mobile phones, specifically in facilitating access to information that translates into social and economic progress. Th ... more

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2025 State of Humanitarian and Development Cybersecurity Report: Continued progress, but more is needed to keep pace with rapidly evolving threats

Meheret Takele Mandefro, Ivy Gathu, Nino Hares, Daniela Weber, Dianna Langley

NetHope (2025), 37 pp.

"This report reveals a notable rise in perceived cybersecurity risk within the nonprofit sector, with 70% of organizations reporting an increased cyber risk profile in 2025, up from 51% in 2024. Encouragingly, confidence in managing these risks has also improved, with 56% of organizations feeling co ... more

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Determinants of watchdog journalism: A global empirical approach

Basyouni Ibrahim Hamada, Abdel-Salam G. Abdel-Salam

International Communication Gazette, volume 87, issue 3 (2025), pp. 191-216

"This article introduces and examines a hierarchical model of influences that identifies the variables affecting the watchdog role of journalists at three levels: the societal (press freedom and democracy), the organizational (media ownership), and the individual (editorial autonomy and perceived in ... more

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Independent Evaluation of the Media Freedom Coalition

Aida Al Kaisy, Daniel Skillings, Ivana Jiménez Barrios

Paris: Aleph Strategies; Media Freedom Coalition (2025), 62 pp.

"The evaluation found that the MFC has made notable contributions to media freedom and journalist safety over the past five years. It has played a role in encouraging some Member States to strengthen their media freedom policies and legislation. The MFC has also influenced state actors through diplo ... matic and advocacy efforts, maintaining high-level political attention on media freedom. Direct interventions, legal guidance, and engagement with embassy networks have contributed to journalist protection efforts at the local level. Furthermore, the MFC has strengthened multi-stakeholder coordination, bringing together governments, civil society, and legal experts. However, the evaluation also identified several areas for improvement. While the MFC provides a platform for dialogue and cooperation, its engagement with members on domestic media freedom policies is voluntary and lacks a structured approach for supporting and tracking commitments. Joint advocacy statements have a greater impact locally than internationally and are often perceived as lacking boldness and clear outcomes. While the MFC has addressed high-profile cases, its focus has sometimes overshadowed broader, systemic media freedom challenges. Engagement with Rights-Holders and organisations working on the ground has been limited, impacting the relevance and sustainability of its strategies. Coordination and collaboration within the MFC are foundational, particularly through diplomatic networks and the development of emergency visa schemes. However, decision-making is often reactive, affecting stakeholder trust. The MFC’s membership is perceived as predominantly Northern-led, and there is potential to leverage its diverse membership more effectively. Knowledge management and information-sharing need strengthening to ensure a deeper understanding of media freedom issues among Member States. The high-level legal expertise of the HLP is underutilised. Clarity around decision-making processes among Member States varies, influencing trust-based collaboration. While engagement at the local level through embassies is effective, it requires more structured guidance and support. Coordination between Member States, the CN, and the HLP remains limited in some areas. In terms of sustainability, the current governance model, particularly the annual rotation of Executive Group co-chairs, can present challenges for knowledge retention and continuity. Funding modalities are complex, leading to perceptions of uneven distribution and impacting trust and coordination. While the MFC has developed working relationships with similar coalitions, more formalised collaboration could maximise resource efficiency. The limited engagement with Rights-Holders influences the visibility and perceived effectiveness of the MFC’s work." (Key findings and conclusions, pages 2-3) more

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Impact of U.S. Government Funding Suspension on Independent Media in Lebanon

Widad Jarbouh

Beirut: Samir Kassir Foundation (2025), 9 pp.

"The January 23, 2025 suspension of U.S. government funding has placed Lebanon’s independent media outlets under significant strain. Although some organizations were unaffected, many face heightened financial uncertainty, reduced operational capacity, and the potential for layoffs. The Samir Kassi ... r Foundation conducted a survey of 18 outlets to assess the scope of this impact, examining factors such as organizational size, primary funding sources, financial losses, and the specific measures being taken to address budget shortfalls. Key Findings: Mixed impact: Of the 18 organizations surveyed, 6 reported no adverse effects, 8 indicated direct financial and operational challenges, and 4 did not respond. Funding sources: Government grants remain the most common revenue source; however, 4 outlets also rely on advertising, subscription fees, or other production-related streams. The overall decline in available grant opportunities has intensified competition for funding and increased uncertainty. Operational challenges: 7 outlets have scaled back content production and restructured operations (e.g., implementing remote work, reducing salaries or benefits). 4 outlets project potential layoffs, albeit affecting fewer than five employees each. Short-term needs: Participants identified employee salaries and essential operating costs as top priorities. Many emphasized the importance of pursuing new grants, forging partnerships, and exploring revenue-generating activities (e.g., marketing services or AI-based tools). Psychosocial support for employees and enhanced security measures also surfaced as pressing concerns. Conclusion: The abrupt funding cut, compounded by Lebanon’s broader economic and political turbulence, has left smaller outlets especially vulnerable, limiting their ability to diversify revenue and threatening their long-term viability. Without adequate replacement funding, the diversity of Lebanon’s media landscape could shrink, and politically affiliated outlets may gain greater influence. This underscores the need for alternative financial avenues and supportive frameworks to preserve the independent voices essential to media freedom in Lebanon." (https://www.skeyesmedia.org) more

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The Debunking Effect: Recent and Upcoming Challenges for Fact-Checking Organizations
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Robert Nemeth, Marius Dragomir

Budapest: Center for Media, Data and Society (CMDS) (2022), 50 pp.

"The CEU Democracy Institute's Center for Media, Data and Society (CMDS) embarked in November 2020 on a one-year project aimed at mapping and analyzing the work of the world's fact-checking groups, with a focus on their challenges, needs and successes. The project started with a survey of 30 fact-ch ... more

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Training Needs Assessment for Namibian Journalists

Christiaan Keulder, Herman Wasserman

Namibia Media Trust (2020), 34 pp.

"1. The survey indicated no significant differences between what journalists and managers considered important skills. Respondents from both groups indicated that formal journalism training was not adequate to the demands of the contemporary, digitized workplace. Training in digital skills can there ... fore be considered a priority area. 2. Further findings however indicated a continued strong emphasis on core journalistic skills such as the ability to exercise journalistic editorial judgement, contextualise stories in ways that make sense to audiences within their contexts and practicing ethical journalism . This finding suggests that future training should not focus exclusively on practical, digital skills but also provide opportunities for journalists to deepen their core skills. This was to a large extent supported by data from the focus groups, where media managers and consumers suggested a combination of new multimedia practical skills with more established journalistic values, especially given the rise of misinformation, which gives journalists the opportunity to set themselves apart from unverified content on the internet. 3. Responses did not suggest a strong need for specialized training in ‘beat’ journalism such as financial journalism. This could be explained by the fact that media convergence across platforms continues apace and the need for general digital skills was seen as more pressing, or that media institutions are under severe financial pressure with dwindling resources, which does not allow for a significant investment in highly specialized reporters. 4. There is a strong need to find alternative sources of revenue for an industry under pressure. The respondents suggested that such sources may take the form of outsourcing certain skills to media consumers, collaborating with consumers or pooling journalistic resources. There might therefore be an increasing need for training that could equip journalists with entrepreneurial, marketing and branding skills. 5. Managerial skills is an important aspect to consider for upskilling journalists entering management. A mentoring scheme could be considered to fulfil this need. 6. Given time and cost considerations, there is scope for experimenting with training formats that do not require full-time attendance, so that journalists can balance training with their work obligations. This could take the form of evening classes, online classes or weekend sessions. 7. Internships for media students could provide practical, on-the-job training at relatively low cost and would fill the need identified by media and journalism students to complement their theoretical curriculum with more practical skills training." (Recommendations) more

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Journalists in Malawi

Levi Zeleza Manda, Nelson Nyirenda, Chimwemwe Tsitsi

Worlds of Journalism Study (2017), 7 pp.

"Malawian journalists are ambivalent in their roles. They perceive themselves as faithful reporters and objective analysts of current affairs, who not only help their audiences make informed decisions, but also give voice to the people (see Table 1). They also perceive themselves as monitors and scr ... more

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Assessment Study on Media and the Corporate Sector for Governance

Moazzem Hossain, Inam Ahmed, Shawkat Hossain Masum, Shamim A. Zahedy, Hasibur Rahman

Dhaka: Management and Resources Development Initiative (MRDI) (2007), 126 pp.

"Governance has been a perennial problem in Bangladesh both in public and private sectors. Against this backdrop, MRDI tries to present an in-depth analysis of the policies and operations of corporate houses in the country and their sweet-and-sour relations with the media, which has a catalytic role ... more

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Análisis de medios de comunicación en el Ecuador

Zuly Meneses Massuh et al.

Quito: CIESPAL (1992), 91 pp.

"La gran mayoría de los medios de comunicación masiva en el Ecuador son de propiedad privada (radioemisoras 96.8%, estaciones de televisión 84.6%; y, diarios 94.4%). Tienen carácter comercial y se financian fundamentalmente con publicidad. Se localizan en las ciudades más importantes del país, ... more

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Gesellschaftliche Teilhabe und Meinungsbildung auf Twitch: Von einer reinen Gaming-Plattform zum Ort für politischen Austausch?

Viola Carolina Granow

Media Perspektiven, issue 15 (2025), 16 pp.

"42 Prozent der 14- bis 40-Jährigen in Deutschland nutzen Twitch mindestens selten. Die Twitch-User sind überwiegend männlich und zum größten Teil zwischen 21 und 30 Jahren alt. Gaming ist meist der erste Berührungspunkt mit Twitch. Auf der Plattform stehen Content-Creator und ihre Livestreams ... more

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Why do people spread fake news? Modelling the factors that influence social media users’ fake news sharing behaviour

Yan An, Yinan Huang, Ndonima Uhwe Danjuma, Oberiri Destiny Apuke, Elif Asude Tunca

Information Development, volume 41, issue 1 (2025), pp. 48-60

"This study modelled the factors that influence fake news spreading behaviour among social media users. To gather our data, we used an online survey to sample 385 social media users in Nigeria, using a chain referral approach. Smart PLS structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data (SEM ... more

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Klassisches Radio ist gut in der Region verankert: Ergebnisse und Methodik der ma 2025 Audio I

Karin Gattringer, Sabine Jaeger

Media Perspektiven, issue 9 (2025), 10 pp.

"Knapp 93 Prozent der deutschsprachigen Bevölkerung ab 14 Jahren hören der ma 2025 Audio I zufolge regelmäßig Audioangebote. Fast drei Viertel schalten täglich mindestens ein Radioprogramm ein und dies über vier Stunden lang. Der Radiomarkt fragmentiert weiter – die Anzahl der genannten Send ... more

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La comunicazione della Chiesa che verrà: Indagine sui giovani seminaristi e social media

Fabio Bolzetta

Todi (IT): Tau Editrice; Associazione Web Cattolici Italiani (WECA) (2025), 283 pp.

"Una ricerca di dottorato triennale ha indagato il rapporto tra i seminaristi in Italia e i social media. L’indagine, di cui vengono pubblicati qui i risultati, è stata condotta sotto la responsabilità scientifica della Facoltà di Scienze della Comunicazione sociale dell’Università Pontifici ... more

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Unpacking the African media typology: Perspectives from journalists in Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda

Meghan Sobel Cohen

International Communication Gazette, volume 87, issue 7 (2025), pp. 633-656

"The uniqueness of journalism cultures across African nations often highlights the inapplicability of normative, Western-centric theories. The newly proposed African media typology suggests that media systems in Africa would be best understood by thinking about them within the context of the type of ... more

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Destruktive Diskurse: Digitale Verbreitung von klimabezogener Mis- und Desinformation

Hanna Börgmann, Dominik Hammer, Jan Beyer, Jonas Ziock, Fiete Stegers, Philipp Keßling, Felix Münch

Berlin; Hamburg: Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD); Hans-Bredow-Institut (2025), 52 pp.

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2025 Edelman Trust Barometer. Global Report: Trust and the Crisis of Grievance

Edelman Trust Institute (2025), 77 pp.

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Free Expression Seen as Important Globally, but Not Everyone Thinks Their Country Has Press, Speech and Internet Freedoms: Made-up news and information seen as pervasive across the globe
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Jacob Poushter, Maria Smerkovich, Moira Fagan, Andrew Prozorovsky

Pew Research Center (2025), 71 pp.

Journalism under Duress: Worlds of Journalism Study Report (Wave 3: 2021–2025) Top Insights

The Debunking Effect: Recent and Upcoming Challenges for Fact-Checking Organizations Top Insights

Free Expression Seen as Important Globally, but Not Everyone Thinks Their Country Has Press, Speech and Internet Freedoms: Made-up news and information seen as pervasive across the globe Top Insights

Journalism under Duress: Worlds of Journalism Study Report (Wave 3: 2021–2025)
Top Insights

The Debunking Effect: Recent and Upcoming Challenges for Fact-Checking Organizations
Top Insights

Free Expression Seen as Important Globally, but Not Everyone Thinks Their Country Has Press, Speech and Internet Freedoms: Made-up news and information seen as pervasive across the globe
Top Insights