"To understand the changes brought about by a project or programme it is first necessary to understand what the original situation was. This is known as the baseline. Baselines can range from simple data collection exercises through to large, expensive surveys. They are an important part of many M&E
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systems. Baselines are normally carried out at or near to the start of a project or programme." (Introduction)
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"Process tracing is a qualitative analysis methodology. The main purpose of process tracing is to establish whether, and how, a potential cause or causes influenced a specified change or set of changes. This is done by applying formal tests to examine the strength of evidence linking potential cause
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s to the changes. Process tracing also involves testing alternative ideas about how change might have come about." (Introduction)
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"There are many different types of evaluation. Each type has its own set of processes and/or principles. Many factors influence decisions over what type of evaluation to use. Evaluations can be categorised according to their purpose, who conducts them, when they are carried out, the broad approach u
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sed, and cross-cutting themes. Many CSO evaluations don’t use any particular methodology or approach." (Introduction)
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"Developmental evaluation involves long-term relationships between evaluators and project or programme staff. Evaluation is ongoing, which means that feedback can be provided on a continuous basis. Development evaluation is particularly appropriate for projects or programmes working in complex or un
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certain environments. It is primarily designed to support learning and management decision-making." (Introduction)
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"Some programme indicators are designed to be collected at programme level. Others are designed to capture, summarise or aggregate information collected at project or partner level. It is important to clarify how information on indicators is transmitted between different levels of a programme." (Int
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roduction)
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"An impact grid is a tool that helps stakeholders involved in a development intervention to analyse multiple changes by mapping those changes onto a grid. A typical grid charts the extent of change alongside the degree of contribution of the intervention. Impact grids can be used for many different
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purposes. They are only normally used after enough time has elapsed for changes to emerge." (Introduction)
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"A gender-responsive evaluation includes two main components. It assesses the degree to which gender and power relationships change as a result of an intervention. And it ensures that women’s voices are prominent throughout the evaluation. Gender-responsive evaluations can be used to evaluate any
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intervention, but should be always be used when there is a focus on women’s rights or empowerment." (Introduction)
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"Sampling is a process that enables information to be collected from a small number of individuals or organisations within a project or programme, and then used to draw conclusions about a wider population. There are many different sampling methods. Quantitative analysis tends to require large, rand
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om samples. Qualitative analysis usually relies more on smaller, purposefully chosen samples." (Introduction)
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"Utilisation-focused evaluations (UFEs) are based on the principle that an evaluation should be judged according to how useful it is. UFEs should be planned and implemented in a way that increases the likelihood of the findings being used. This normally means identifying the primary users of an eval
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uation and ensuring that they are engaged in decision-making throughout the process." (Introduction)
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"Experimental approaches work by comparing changes in a group that receives a development intervention with a group that does not. The difference is then attributed to the intervention. In a full experimental approach, units are randomly allocated to two groups – one that receives the intervention
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and one that does not. In a quasi-experimental approach non-random methods of assignment are used instead." (Introduction)
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"Focus group discussions are facilitated discussions, held with a small group of people who have specialist knowledge or interest in a particular topic. They are used to find out the perceptions and attitudes of a defined group of people. Focus group discussions can be applied at any stage of the pr
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oject or programme cycle from design through to evaluation." (Introduction)
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"Interviews are routinely carried out when projects and programmes are planned, monitored or evaluated. Interviews may be carried out face-to-face or through remote media. They may be carried out with individuals or groups. They may be unstructured, semi-structured or structured. And they may be inf
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ormal or formal. Different types of interviews are appropriate in different circumstances." (Introduction)
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"Sometimes, information is used for planning, monitoring or evaluation that has previously been collected by other people or organisations for their own purposes. This is known as secondary data. There are many potential sources of secondary data. Secondary data can be used at any stage of a project
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or programme cycle." (Introduction)
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"The paper is divided into two parts: Part One describes a methodology for designing an M&E system. This covers a number of stages from defining the scope and purpose of the system to its eventual roll out. However, it does not cover the implementation of the M&E system. Part Two addresses many of t
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he technical issues that need to be considered when designing M&E systems for complex organisations. The information in Part Two may be useful to M&E system designers whether or not the basic methodology in Part One is followed." (Page 1)
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