"This paper draws on interviews with digital security trainers and coordinators of digital security trainings of trainers (ToT)s whose end-goal is the support of human rights defenders, civil society, activists, and local media worldwide [...] Among its main findings, this paper notes the following four gaps: a lack of sustained support for digital security trainers after they receive training at ToT events and return to their own training efforts; a lack of standardized frameworks for determining the effectiveness of digital security ToTs, a lack of standardized frameworks for trainers to conduct digital security training events around the world, pedagogical approaches drawing on extensive research and developments in the field of adult education are not significantly utilized in ToTs." (Executive summary)