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From Disinformation to Influence Operations: The Evolution of Disinformation in Three Electoral Cycles

Contains illustrations, bibliogr. pp. 43-53

"How has the Philippine disinformation landscape evolved since 2016? How different was the 2022 presidential election from previous electoral cycles? And what lessons can we learn from electoral triumphs and defeats often associated with disinformation? This report goes to the heart of these questions. Our aim is to understand the evolving character of disinformation—the tactics used, actors involved, the wider context in which disinformation unfolds, and the responses of the government, tech platforms, and civil society to these trends. In doing so, we hope to generate actionable insights on impactful responses to disinformation, with a view of preparing for the 2025 midterm election." (Introduction)
1 Introduction, 8
2 Disinformation across three electoral cycles (2016, 2019, 2023), 10
3 Disinformation in 2022, 18
Government and domestic politics were most popular topics of disinformation -- Historical distortions mobilize sentiments of hope and threat -- The importance of tracking influence operations
4 Counter-disinformation initiatives, 26
Legal and regulatory reforms -- Digital literacy initiatives -- Coalition building -- Investigative reports and academic research -- Creative responses
5 Paths forward, 42
References, 44
Appendix 1. List of Publications Related to Disinformation in the Philippines, 48
Appendix 2. List of Actors and Programs According to Approach to Disinformation, 54