"Tracing the institutional history of the radio allowed scholars in the past to analyse the radio as an instrument of the colonial government in India and to show, for example, how the radio in the Indian subcontinent was deployed as part of the British Empire’s propaganda in the colony. As Gupta (1995), Zivin (1998), and Pinkerton (2008) argue, during the 1930s, the colonial government used the radio to address a fractured, local set of audiences so that it did not produce a national audience. Indeed, despite the British government’s efforts and Gandhi’s disagreement, and because of the efforts of Fielden, Nehru, and others, the radio was not only deployed by the Indian National Congress and later the Indian government; but by the 1950s, it became seemingly synonymous with the national project. Stepping away from this concern, we asked what did radio as a new sound technology mean in colonial India? In other words, what imaginaries and practices did it bring into effect? In answer, we have demonstrated that early radio in late colonial India transformed sonic imaginings, that is the imagination of sound itself and imaginations through sound—of spaces, territories, and figures. We further argue that radio effects the above in three ways: (i) by re-structuring the geographies of ‘home’, ‘world’, and ‘empire’; (ii) by allowing for variegated audiences that were learning to listen in different ways and lastly, (iii) by re-configuring standards, taste, and programming, variously for rural and urban audiences. Taken together this transformation has a specificity that produces an Indian sonic modernity that is born of conversations with technologies, capitalism, and colonialism." (Conclusion)