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Media Compass: A Companion to International Media Landscapes

Aljosha Karim Schapals, Christian Pentzold (eds.)

Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell (2025), xxiii, 502 pp.

"In 'Media Compass: A Companion to International Media Landscapes', an international team of prominent scholars examines both long-term media systems and fluctuating trends in media usage around the world. Integrating country-specific summaries and cross-cutting studies of geopolitical regions, this ... more

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State of digital development and trends in the CIS region: Challenges and opportunities

Geneva: ITU (2025), iv, 47 pp.

"This publication offers a comprehensive overview of digital development in the CIS region. The data reveal a region where nine in ten people are online—well above the global average—and where mobile broadband networks now cover virtually the entire population. These are important milestones. At ... more

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Vibrant Information Barometer: Europe & Eurasia
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Washington, DC: IREX;USAID (2024), 357 pp.

"The 2024 Europe and Eurasia Vibrant Information Barometer (VIBE) covers 18 countries throughout Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia. With VIBE, IREX strives to capture a modern and evolving media space where people are simultaneously producers, transmitters, consumers, and actors in the information t ... more

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Azerbaijan digital skills assessment 2023-2024

Geneva: ITU (2024), ix, 83 pp.

"The survey findings reveal that 25 per cent of those aged between 15 and 74 have at least basic digital skills, with 7.8 per cent having above basic digital skills and 17.3 per cent having basic digital skills. The study also found that over a quarter (26.5%) of respondents below the basic level of ... more

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Google Scholar (8)

WorldCat (9)

Uncensored journalism in censored times: Challenges of reporting on Azerbaijan

Arzu Geybulla

Journalism, volume 24, issue 2 (2023), pp. 313–327

"Azerbaijan is an authoritarian regime, whose government maintains a tight grip over the media landscape. Independent and opposition media are regularly persecuted, with journalists and their family members intimidated by law enforcement agencies via arrests, beating, threats and other forms of pers ... more

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Vibrant Information Barometer: Europe & Eurasia
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Washington, DC: IREX;USAID (2023), 355 pp.

"The 2023 Europe and Eurasia Vibrant Information Barometer (VIBE) covers 18 countries throughout Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia. With VIBE, IREX strives to capture a modern and evolving media space where people are simultaneously producers, transmitters, consumers, and actors in the information t ... hat influences their lives and environments. This year’s edition focuses on the media and information space across the countries in the study during calendar year 2022, capturing the impact of the Kremlin’s February full-scale invasion of Ukraine. VIBE looks at four principles of information vibrancy: Principle 1: Information Quality; Principle 2: Multiple Channels: How Information Flows; Principle 3: Information Consumption and Engagement; Principle 4: Transformative Action: How Information Drives Behavior. VIBE includes 20 indicators that capture the most important elements of these four principles, and it relies on information from country experts who complete a VIBE questionnaire, provide scores for sub-indicators that support each of the 20 main indicators along with evidence to justify their scores, and then contribute to a panel discussion led by a moderator [...] For countries in Europe and Eurasia (E&E) included in this year’s publication, country-level scores were, again, mainly split into two VIBE classifications: Somewhat Vibrant (North Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Armenia, Moldova, and Ukraine) and Slightly Vibrant (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Russia, and Serbia). Azerbaijan and Belarus held the lowest scores in E&E, putting them in the Not Vibrant classification. In Central Asia, this year’s study put Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan in the Slightly Vibrant category. Turkmenistan’s score of 1 put it in the Not Vibrant classification. At the overall score level, some countries--including Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ukraine, and Moldova—saw increases in their scores. Others such as Serbia, North Macedonia, Kosovo, and Montenegro received the same country-level scores as they did in the 2022 VIBE study. Finally, other countries—including Albania, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, and Russia—experienced a decline in their country-level scores. Principle 1’s (Information Quality) lowest scores tended to fall in the indicator examining insufficient resources for content production and harmful information. Rapidly evolving models for financing media, declining advertising in traditional print and broadcast media, international tech giants siphoning off advertising funds, and local and global inflationary pressures, have all contributed to a financing desert for media. Many media are reliant on political or business benefactors for livelihood, while others look to international funding agencies for their survival." (Executive summary, page 7) more

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Azerbaijan: Analysis of the Law on Media

Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) (2022), iv, 27 pp.

"This analysis of the Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan “On Media” (Media Law) by the Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) seeks to enrich and deepen the criticisms and analyses already made of the Law, based on international human rights standards, in particular the right to freedom of expression ... more

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Monitoring Report: Conflict Reporting in Azerbaijani- and Armenian-Language Regional Media and Other Media Outlets

Tina Gogoladze

Media Development Foundation (MDF) (2022), 66 pp.

"The following report reflects the results of media content monitoring to analyze conflict coverage by Azerbaijani- and Armenian-language regional platforms. In addition, the report incorporates conflict-related qualitative data acquired from specific Russian- and Georgian-language Facebook accounts ... more

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Vibrant Information Barometer: Europe & Eurasia
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Washington, DC: IREX (2022), 348 pp.

"The 2022 Europe and Eurasia Vibrant Information Barometer (VIBE) sees the addition of the five countries of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) to the study, bringing the total number of countries examined to 18. With VIBE, IREX strives to capture a moder ... more

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Vibrant Information Barometer: Europe & Eurasia

Washington, DC: IREX (2021), 219 pp.

"The 2021 Europe & Eurasia Vibrant Information Barometer (VIBE) publication stands on the shoulders of IREX’s almost 20 years of the Media Sustainability Index (MSI), which was last published in 2019. Through VIBE, IREX aims to capture a modern era where many people around the world are simultaneo ... more

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Conflict Reporting in Azerbaijani- and Armenian-Language Regional Media and Other Media Outlets: Media Monitoring Report

Tamar Kintsurashvili (ed.)

Media Development Foundation (MDF);Internews (2021), 45 pp.

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Digital trends in the Commonwealth of Independent States region 2021: Information and communication technology trends and developments in the CIS region, 2017-2020

Geneva: ITU (2021), vi, 47 pp.

"This report provides an overview of trends and developments in information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, access and use in the CIS region, which includes 9 Member States and is home to a population of 240 million people. The report highlights changes in ICT adoption since the l ... more

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Snapshot of a Shadow War: A Preliminary Analysis of Twitter Activity Linked to the Azerbaijan–Armenia Conflict

Elise Thomas, Albert Zhang

Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI), International Cyber Policy Centre (2020), 29 pp.

"The rapid escalation in the long-running conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia which took place in late September 2020 has been shadowed by a battle across social media for control of the international narrative about the conflict. On Twitter, large numbers of accounts supporting both sides have ... more

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Media Sustainability Index 2019: The Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Europe and Eurasia

Linda Trail (ed.)

Washington, DC: IREX (2019), xxi, 308 pp.

"The 2019 Europe and Eurasia Media Sustainability Index (MSI) saw another improvement in the combined average score for the 21 countries studied: In 2018, the combined average score was 1.84, and in 2019 this increased to 1.86. In comparison with the previous year’s study, there were modest gains ... more

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Online Supplement to Working Paper 2018.1. Challenging Truth and Trust: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation

Samantha Bradshaw, Philip N. Howard

Oxford: University of Oxford, Oxford Internet Institute;Computational Propaganda Research Project (2018), 81 pp.

"These are the background case notes complied for MEMO 2018.1: Challenging Truth and Trust: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. For details on the methods behind this content analysis please see the methodology section of the report. This document contains data from over 500 s ... more

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Disinformation Resilience in Central and Eastern Europe

Kyiv: Foreign Policy Council “Ukrainian Prism” (Prismua);Eurasian States in Transition Research Center (EAST Center) (2018), 335 pp.

"This research is aimed at assessing national vulnerabilities and preparedness to counteract foreign-led disinformation in 14 countries of Eastern and Central Europe. The Visegrad states (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia), Eastern Partnership countries (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia ... more

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Media Sustainability Index 2018: The Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Europe and Eurasia

Linda Trail (ed.)

Washington, DC: IREX (2018), xx, 314 pp.

"Macedonia and Montenegro saw the largest overall score increases this year, in comparison to 2017. The improvement across all objectives this year for Macedonia’s media sector can be attributed to political changes that prioritize media in democratic reforms. Although Montenegro’s score improve ... more

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Defamation and Insult Laws in the OSCE Region: A Comparative Study

Scott Griffen

Barbara Trionfi (ed.)

Vienna: OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media (2017), 267 pp.

"This study examines the existence of criminal defamation and insult laws in the territory of the 57 participating States of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). In doing so, it offers a broad, comparative overview of the compliance of OSCE participating States’ legislat ... more

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Freedom on the Net 2017: Manipulating Social Media to Undermine Democracy
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Sanja Kelly, Mai Truong, Adrian Shahbaz, Madeline Earp, Jessica White (eds.)

Washington, DC; New York: Freedom House (2017), 1060 pp.

"Governments around the world have dramatically increased their efforts to manipulate information on social media over the past year. The Chinese and Russian regimes pioneered the use of surreptitious methods to distort online discussions and suppress dissent more than a decade ago, but the practice ... more

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Multimodal Salafi Engagement with Digital Media in Azerbaijan

Kamal Gasimov

Washington, DC: George Washington University, Central Asia Program (2017), 23 pp.

"This paper examines Azerbaijani Salafis’ engagement with the new media technologies. Our main research questions are: how do Salafis use digital or Internet media, what are the outcomes of this interaction, and what styles of communication do Salafis employ in their cyber engagements? Salafis in ... more

Vibrant Information Barometer: Europe & Eurasia Top Insights

Vibrant Information Barometer: Europe & Eurasia Top Insights

Vibrant Information Barometer: Europe & Eurasia Top Insights

Freedom on the Net 2017: Manipulating Social Media to Undermine Democracy Top Insights

Vibrant Information Barometer: Europe & Eurasia
Top Insights

Vibrant Information Barometer: Europe & Eurasia
Top Insights

Vibrant Information Barometer: Europe & Eurasia
Top Insights

Freedom on the Net 2017: Manipulating Social Media to Undermine Democracy
Top Insights