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Violence, impunity and their impact on press freedom
In: The Routledge Companion to Freedom of Expression and Censorship
London; New York: Routledge (2024), 11 pp.
"The right of journalists to work in a secure environment, without being intimidated, harassed, attacked, abused or murdered, is of fundamental importance to freedom of expression globally. Yet, in many countries around the world, journalism has become a deadly occupation and those who practise it o
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Using Journalism for Self-Protection: Profession-Specific and Journalistic Measures and Strategies for Countering Violence and Impunity in Mexico and Honduras
Journalism Studies, volume 24, issue 7 (2023), pp. 896-915
"In Mexico and Honduras, journalists face violence from state and non-state actors and almost complete impunity. Given a lack of effective state protection, some resort to alternative means of (self-)protection and justice-seeking. Via analysis of 67 interviews with journalists and protection actors
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Knowing the Truth is Protecting the Truth: Highlights of the UNESCO Director-General’s Report on the Safety of Journalists and the Danger of Impunity Published on the Occasion of the International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists 2022
UNESCO (2022), 15 pp.
"The Report is a unique mechanism within the UN system for monitoring the killings of journalists. It was first published in 2008, upon a Decision of the Intergovernmental Council of the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC). The report is published every two years, mak
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Outcomes of the Regional and Thematic Consultations to Mark the 10th Anniversary of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity
UNESCO (2022), 21 pp.
"This report produced by UNESCOs shows an assessment of the achievements and best practices derived from the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity over the last decade. It also offers recommendations to combat emerging challenges going forward.” (commbox)
Tackling Impunity: Lessons from the Public Inquiry Into the Assassination of Daphne Caruana Galizia
Article 19; Daphne Caruana Galizia Foundation (2022), 87 pp.
"This report analyses the model of a Public Inquiry - or a similarly independent process such as a parliamentary inquiry - that can run in parallel with a criminal investigation but has the broader remit of investigating the circumstances that led to murder, and the political climate within which it
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An Uphill Battle: From Impunity to Justice for Journalist Murders
Deep Insights
Free Press Unlimited (2022), 31 pp.
"For this report we analyzed hundreds of cases of journalists who were murdered in reprisal for their work. What stands out is their courage to report misdemeanor by those in power despite the clear and often well-known risks this entails for them. What stands out as well is the lack of capacity in
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Killing with Impunity: Vast Majority of Journalists’ Murderers Go Free. 2022 Global Impunity Index
New York: Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) (2022), 5 pp.
"The 2022 Global Impunity Index found that no one has been held to account for nearly 80% of 263 journalist murders over the past 10 years worldwide. CPJ seeks justice for these slain journalists, including full and timely investigations and the convictions of those who carry out and order the murde
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The politics of impunity: A study of journalists’ experiential accounts of impunity in Bulgaria, Democratic Republic of Congo, India, Mexico and Pakistan
Journalism, volume 22, issue 2 (2021), pp. 303-319
"Definitions of impunity regarding crimes against journalists have thus far been too narrow. Therefore, we propose a new approach to understanding impunity as also being grounded in journalists’ lived reality and perceptions to better understand the complexity and breadth of impunity. It is based
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Online harassment of journalists as a consequence of populism, mis/disinformation, and impunity
In: The Routledge Companion to Media Disinformation and Populism
London; New York: Routledge (2021), pp. 178-187
"This chapter aims to examine additional factors associated with populism, disinformation and online harassment of journalists in an environment of impunity, though the relationship between digital communication and populism has been analysed since the late 1990s. It considers strategies that have b
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The Politics of Impunity and the Shifting Media Landscape in Kenya
Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications, volume 7, issue 1 (2021), pp. 61-78
"This article focuses on state-media relations and the shifts in the overall media landscape in Kenya. Drawing on a political economy approach to media operations in Kenya, it argues that while there are competing meanings over what constitutes "news values", "editorial independence", and "critical
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Globalizing the Battle Against Impunity
In: Regardless of Frontiers: Global Freedom of Expression in a Troubled World
New York: Colombia University Press (2021), pp. 227-252
"When press freedom groups began a campaign against impunity, they set out to gain justice in individual cases of journalists murdered for their work. Did a global norm evolve in the process? Among the rights guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 19, is notable for its ele
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Prospect for Change in the Gambia: Collaborative Support to Combat Impunity. Exploring Criminal Justice and Human Rights Mechanisms
International Media Support (IMS) (2020), 41 pp.
"This International Media Support report explores criminal justice and human rights mechanisms to protect journalists, media workers and human rights advocates in an effort to combat impunity in The Gambia. It is the culmination of an innovative approach to hold perpetrators of attacks, killings and
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Killing Journalists is Not Media Regulation: Private Rights, Collective Wrongs and the Impact of Impunity
Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, volume 29, issue 1 (2019), pp. 263-306
"This article maintains that current international law fails to recognize the specific risks associated with the journalistic profession, and that the fragmented, non-binding and unenforceable initiatives on journalists' rights adopted to date have proven ineffective. It argues that a dedicated inte
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Intensified Attacks, New Defences: Developments in the Fight to Protect Journalists and End Impunity
Paris: UNESCO (2019), 70 pp.
"The period between 2014 through the end of 2018 has seen 495 journalists killed, according to UNESCO data, which represents an 18% increase in the number of killings as compared to the preceding 5-year period (2009-2013). Based on the number of killings, the most dangerous regions for journalists a
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Culture of impunity and safety of journalists: Is safe journalism a distant dream in Pakistan?
Journal of Russian Media and Journalism Studies, issue 1 (2019), pp. 51-66
"Pakistan’s journalists confront fatal safety risks in the line of their duty and are at the mercy of various types of pressure and extremist groups that threaten, kidnap and even murder them with almost total impunity. Despite the growing violence against journalists in Pakistan, there is a deart
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Ending Impunity: Acting on UN Standards on the Safety of Journalists
Key Guides
London: Article 19 (2019), 43 pp.
"A prevailing culture of impunity for threats to the safety of journalists fuels their repetition. A failure of justice emboldens perpetrators and undermines journalists’ trust in the political will to guarantee their effective protection. Since 2012, the international community has increasingly s
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The Fight Against Impunity: Outcomes International Advocacy 2013-2018
Amsterdam: Free Press Unlimited (2019), 23 pp.
Journalists as Human Rights Defenders: International Protection of Journalists in Contexts of Violence and Impunity
"Many local journalists covering issues like corruption and organised crime can be considered human rights defenders (HRDs) exposed to high levels of violence and impunity. In this chapter, Mitchell examines what protection is available for such journalists via the dedicated international normative
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