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Safety of Journalists Covering Protests: Preserving Freedom of the Press During Times of Turmoil

Frank Smyth

Paris: UNESCO (2020), 16 pp.

"Key trends: Harassment, arrests and physical violence against journalists, mostly by government security forces and sometimes by protestors, have risen in recent years; Press freedom and freedom of expression has been impacted in many countries by these attacks; A range of attacks have been identif ... more

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Reporting in Conflict Zones in Pakistan: Risks and Challenges for Fixers

Kiyya Baloch, Kenneth Andresen

Media and Communication, volume 8, issue 1 (2020), pp. 37-46

"As a backbone of reporting in war and conflicts, fixers offer essential assistance to the foreign correspondent in conflict zones, also in Pakistan. With valuable local knowledge and contacts, fixers can arrange travel to secure entry of foreign correspondents into conflict zones in addition to sec ... more

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The danger of words: Major challenges facing Myanmar journalists on reporting the Rohingya conflict

Nyan Lynn

Media Asia, volume 47, issue 1 (2020), pp. 4-22

"Due to the fighting between the Myanmar Army and the Rohingya militant group Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) in August 2017, hundreds of thousands of stateless Rohingya Muslims fled to Bangladesh. The Myanmar Army was accused of committing torture, atrocities, arson and gang-rapes against the ... more

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Could Combat Stress Affect Journalists’ News Reporting? A Psychophysiological Response

José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera, José Juan Robles-Pérez, Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez

Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, volume 45, issue 4 (2020), pp. 231-239

"Covering war conflicts may compromise the psychological and physical health of journalists because chronic exposure to these environments has been related to depression, memory dissociative processes, and post-traumatic stress disorder; however, acute effects have not been studied yet. Thus, a comb ... more

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Psychological distress in Afghan journalists: A descriptive study

Jonas Osmann, Abdul Mujeeb Khalvatgar, Anthony Feinstein

Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, volume 2, issue 3 (2020), pp. 115-123

"Afghanistan is one of the world’s most dangerous places for journalists. There are, however, no data on the mental health of Afghan journalists covering conflict in their country. The study aims to determine the degree to which Afghan journalists are exposed to traumatic events, their perceptions ... more

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Safety culture changing visual representations of wars? The case of Afghanistan

Saumava Mitra

Conflict & Communication Online, volume 18, issue 1 (2019), 13 pp.

"In international conflict correspondence safety mechanisms are unequally employed to protect local news-staffs in contrast to international staffs. Arguably, this has had the greatest impact on image production from war zones, exposing local photojournalists to increased dangers. But it also raises ... more

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The Fixers: Local News Workers and the Underground Labor of International Reporting

Lindsay Palmer

New York: Oxford University Press (2019), viii, 226 pp.

"Though news fixers are vital to the practice of international reporting-helping journalists to understand foreign languages, set up compelling interviews, and navigate unfamiliar terrain-their role is rarely made transparent to news audiences. Without news fixers, journalists would struggle to cove ... more

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Human Security as a Conceptual Framework: The Case of Palestinian Journalists

Carol B. Schwalbe, Jeannine E. Relly, Sally Ann Cruikshank, Ethan H. Schwalbe

Journalism Studies, volume 13 (2019), pp. 1920-1939

"This exploratory study introduces a human security framework to examine the challenges that journalists face from daily professional and societal constraints and pressures when attempting to fulfill their role to inform the public in areas of conflict. The research focuses on the influences on Pale ... more

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Emphasizing Journalistic Safety while Reporting in a Conflict Zone: A Case Study of Tribal Areas of Pakistan

Kashmir Khan, Bakht Zaman, Rahman Ullah

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, volume 27, issue 1 (2019), pp. 63-80

"This research paper is designed to examine the problems being faced by the journalists in two of the newly merged tribal districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Khyber District and Mohmand District). The researchers used survey method for data collection. A designed structured questionnaire from the respo ... more

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Socio-Psychological Effects on Media Professional Standards during Military Operations in Pakistan

Rooh ul Amin Khan, Zahid Yousaf

Global Social Sciences Review, volume 4, issue 2 (2019), pp. 269-275

"While using qualitative and quantitative techniques, this study analyzes the issues and challenges faced by the journalists while working in the areas going under military operations in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and FATA. Based on the hierarchy of influences model, a survey was conducted in Wazirista ... more

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Journalism under pressure in conflict zones: A study of journalists and editors in seven countries

Marte Høiby, Rune Ottosen

Media, War & Conflict, volume 12, issue 1 (2019), pp. 69-86

"Through interviews with 100 journalists and editors in seven countries, the authors examine safety as the main challenge for journalists covering war and conflict in both local and international contexts. The article places a particular focus on the situation for Filipino and Norwegian journalists. ... more

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‘Being the bridge’: News fixers’ perspectives on cultural difference in reporting the ‘war on terror’

Lindsay Palmer

Journalism, volume 19, issue 3 (2018), pp. 314-332

"This article examines some of the cultural differences between news ‘fixers’ and foreign reporters, focusing specifically on the expectations and experiences of the fixers, rather than the correspondents whose own perspectives have already been fruitfully explored. Drawing upon qualitative, sem ... more

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Becoming the Story: War Correspondents since 9/11

Lindsay Palmer

University of Illinois Press (2018), x, 202 pp.

"Becoming the Story examines the transformation of war reporting in the decade after 9/11. Lindsay Palmer delves into times when print or television correspondents themselves received intense public scrutiny because of an incident associated with the work of war reporting. Such instances include Dan ... more

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Freedom of expression and threats to journalists’ safety: An analysis of conflict reporting in journalism education in Pakistan

Sadia Jamil

Journalism Education, volume 6, issue 2 (2017), pp. 7-16

"This article has addressed the level of journalists’ safety in Pakistan, revealing the diverse threats to journalists’ safety and their right to freedom of expression in the country. Freedom of expression is an individual right, for which no one should be attacked or killed. However, in this st ... udy, journalists’ feedback reveals that not only their lives but their right to freedom of expression is at risk because of the prevailing unsafe environment in Pakistan. The study suggests journalism is a dangerous profession in Pakistan because of physical, psychological, financial, social, emotional and topic-specific risks, which constrain journalists’ right to freedom of expression and affect them most while doing their routine jobs. Despite the unsafe environment and constant threats, this study indicates that only 18% of surveyed journalists have received safety training to protect themselves in conflict and non-conflict situations. The following questions need to be addressed when analysing issues around journalists’ safety training in Pakistan, namely: who are the trainers? Are trainers themselves trained for journalists’ safety training, bearing in mind the local safety circumstances? What is the role of local and international NGO’s in promoting journalists’ safety education either at university or media organisational level? Further research on these aspects is crucial for the better training of journalists. This study reveals that the education of conflict reporting and peace journalism is not the major part of journalism curricula in Pakistan’s public and private sector universities. The curriculum in most of the universities do not reflect distinctively the local aspects of journalism teaching and approaches, which is important for enabling journalists to understand the context within which they perform their work. As highlighted by Abit and Kenneth in their article, the case of Kosovo is quite similar to Pakistan – where journalism education lacks local teaching approches. Therefore, in this article, I emphasize certain initiatives such as: the inclusion of journalists’ safety and peace journalism modules in curriculum; collaboration with international universities for innovative pedagogical models; regular curriculum revision and local-context teaching and research within this field. Others have underlined the need for a few more significant inititatives that I think are crucial as far as journalists’ safety education is concerned, such as: enhancing journalists’ awareness of their rights and physical and psychological safety; protection of their equipment, and legal protection while covering war or conflict." (Conclusion) more

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A Country without Mercy: Afghan Journalists Caught in Crossfires

Elisabeth Eide

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression

Ulla Carlsson, Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 81-86

"In the last Afghan solar year (22 March 2015 – 21 March 2016), twelve journalists and media workers were killed, exceeding any previous year in recent history. In June 2016, the US photographer David Gilkey and his interpreter, journalist Zabihullah Tamanna, were killed in a Taliban attack in Maj ... more

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Digging for Transparency: How African Journalism Only Scratches the Surface of Conflict

Ibrahim Saleh

Global Media Journal - African Edition, volume 9, issue 1 (2017), pp. 1-10

"It has become a pattern to find academics, professionals and students of journalism bragging with the scope, techniques and dilemmas of investigative journalism. But there is one gaping hole: nowhere was information collated about the heroic contributions, and often the sacrifices, that were made f ... more

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What’s Wrong with War Journalism? Why and how legal aspects of conflicts need better reporting

Stig A. Nohrstedt, Rune Ottosen

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression

Ulla Carlsson, Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 241-254

"This chapter deals with whether war journalism in mainstream media is fit to take a fourth estate role in reporting the new wars, from the end of the Cold War in 1989 to the present war against the so-called Islamic State. In particular, it is a critical study of shortcomings when it comes to provi ... more

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The Protection of Citizen Journalists During Armed Conflicts

Mariateresa Garrido Villareal

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression

Ulla Carlsson, Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 267-278

"Digital technologies are changing the way in which journalism is performed. Today, reports by citizen journalists (CJs) are extremely relevant when traditional journalists cannot access hostile and dangerous areas. According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, 90% of murdered reporters were lo ... more

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All the news that's worth the risk: Improving protection for freelance journalists in war zones

Lindsay R. Grossman

Boston College International & Comparative Law Review, volume 40, issue 1 (2017), pp. 141-166

"Although war journalism has existed for centuries, changes in the nature of armed conflict and its coverage have put the danger for modern journalists at an all time high. The traditional war correspondent has been replaced in recent years by the independent freelance journalist. While the former r ... more

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Media professionals and armed conflict: Protection and responsibilities under international humanitarian law. Handbook

Nicole Urban

British Red Cross; british Institute of international and Comparative Law (2017), vi, 129 pp.

"This Handbook is primarily for use by media professionals who report from conflict zones. It is a practical and accessible guide to the rules of international humanitarian law (IHL) that protect media professionals and their work in armed conflict. It also considers the IHL responsibilities that me ... more