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Safety culture changing visual representations of wars? The case of Afghanistan
Conflict & Communication Online, volume 18, issue 1 (2019), 13 pp.
"In international conflict correspondence safety mechanisms are unequally employed to protect local news-staffs in contrast to international staffs. Arguably, this has had the greatest impact on image production from war zones, exposing local photojournalists to increased dangers. But it also raises
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Emphasizing Journalistic Safety while Reporting in a Conflict Zone: A Case Study of Tribal Areas of Pakistan
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, volume 27, issue 1 (2019), pp. 63-80
"This research paper is designed to examine the problems being faced by the journalists in two of the newly merged tribal districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Khyber District and Mohmand District). The researchers used survey method for data collection. A designed structured questionnaire from the respo
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Socio-Psychological Effects on Media Professional Standards during Military Operations in Pakistan
Global Social Sciences Review, volume 4, issue 2 (2019), pp. 269-275
"While using qualitative and quantitative techniques, this study analyzes the issues and challenges faced by the journalists while working in the areas going under military operations in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and FATA. Based on the hierarchy of influences model, a survey was conducted in Wazirista
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Human Security as a Conceptual Framework: The Case of Palestinian Journalists
Journalism Studies, volume 13 (2019), pp. 1920-1939
"This exploratory study introduces a human security framework to examine the challenges that journalists face from daily professional and societal constraints and pressures when attempting to fulfill their role to inform the public in areas of conflict. The research focuses on the influences on Pale
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Journalism under pressure in conflict zones: A study of journalists and editors in seven countries
Media, War & Conflict, volume 12, issue 1 (2019), pp. 69-86
"Through interviews with 100 journalists and editors in seven countries, the authors examine safety as the main challenge for journalists covering war and conflict in both local and international contexts. The article places a particular focus on the situation for Filipino and Norwegian journalists.
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The Fixers: Local News Workers and the Underground Labor of International Reporting
New York: Oxford University Press (2019), viii, 226 pp.
"Though news fixers are vital to the practice of international reporting-helping journalists to understand foreign languages, set up compelling interviews, and navigate unfamiliar terrain-their role is rarely made transparent to news audiences. Without news fixers, journalists would struggle to cove
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Becoming the Story: War Correspondents since 9/11
University of Illinois Press (2018), x, 202 pp.
"Becoming the Story examines the transformation of war reporting in the decade after 9/11. Lindsay Palmer delves into times when print or television correspondents themselves received intense public scrutiny because of an incident associated with the work of war reporting. Such instances include Dan
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‘Being the bridge’: News fixers’ perspectives on cultural difference in reporting the ‘war on terror’
Journalism, volume 19, issue 3 (2018), pp. 314-332
"This article examines some of the cultural differences between news ‘fixers’ and foreign reporters, focusing specifically on the expectations and experiences of the fixers, rather than the correspondents whose own perspectives have already been fruitfully explored. Drawing upon qualitative, sem
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All the news that's worth the risk: Improving protection for freelance journalists in war zones
Boston College International & Comparative Law Review, volume 40, issue 1 (2017), pp. 141-166
"Although war journalism has existed for centuries, changes in the nature of armed conflict and its coverage have put the danger for modern journalists at an all time high. The traditional war correspondent has been replaced in recent years by the independent freelance journalist. While the former r
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The Protection of Citizen Journalists During Armed Conflicts
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 267-278
"Digital technologies are changing the way in which journalism is performed. Today, reports by citizen journalists (CJs) are extremely relevant when traditional journalists cannot access hostile and dangerous areas. According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, 90% of murdered reporters were lo
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Freedom of expression and threats to journalists’ safety: An analysis of conflict reporting in journalism education in Pakistan
Journalism Education, volume 6, issue 2 (2017), pp. 7-16
"This article has addressed the level of journalists’ safety in Pakistan, revealing the diverse threats to journalists’ safety and their right to freedom of expression in the country. Freedom of expression is an individual right, for which no one should be attacked or killed. However, in this st
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"This Field Guide summarises the legal protection and responsibilities of media professionals operating in armed conflicts. It focuses on international humanitarian law (IHL) – also known as the ‘law of armed conflict’ – and sets out some aspects of international and UK criminal law. It is i
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A Country without Mercy: Afghan Journalists Caught in Crossfires
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 81-86
"In the last Afghan solar year (22 March 2015 – 21 March 2016), twelve journalists and media workers were killed, exceeding any previous year in recent history. In June 2016, the US photographer David Gilkey and his interpreter, journalist Zabihullah Tamanna, were killed in a Taliban attack in Maj
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Digging for Transparency: How African Journalism Only Scratches the Surface of Conflict
Global Media Journal - African Edition, volume 9, issue 1 (2017), pp. 1-10
"It has become a pattern to find academics, professionals and students of journalism bragging with the scope, techniques and dilemmas of investigative journalism. But there is one gaping hole: nowhere was information collated about the heroic contributions, and often the sacrifices, that were made f
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What’s Wrong with War Journalism? Why and how legal aspects of conflicts need better reporting
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 241-254
"This chapter deals with whether war journalism in mainstream media is fit to take a fourth estate role in reporting the new wars, from the end of the Cold War in 1989 to the present war against the so-called Islamic State. In particular, it is a critical study of shortcomings when it comes to provi
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Media professionals and armed conflict: Protection and responsibilities under international humanitarian law. Handbook
British Red Cross; british Institute of international and Comparative Law (2017), vi, 129 pp.
"This Handbook is primarily for use by media professionals who report from conflict zones. It is a practical and accessible guide to the rules of international humanitarian law (IHL) that protect media professionals and their work in armed conflict. It also considers the IHL responsibilities that me
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Tribal Journalists under Fire: Threats, impunity and decision making in reporting on conflict in Pakistan
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 147-158
"This study investigates the challenges faced by local journalists caught between the global “war on terror” and its local consequences in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). Threats and impunity are commonplace in this buffer zone bordering Pakistan and Afghanistan, compell
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Reporting from the Danger Zone: Frontline Journalists, Their Jobs, and an Increasingly Perilous Future
London; New York: Routledge (2017), 165 pp.
"Journalism is a dangerous business when one’s "beat" is a war zone. Armoudian reveals the complications facing frontline journalists who cover warzones, hot spots and other hazardous situations. It compares yesterday’s conflict journalism, which was fraught with its own dangers, with today’s
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A Story Bigger than Your Life? The safety challenges of journalists reporting on democratization conflicts
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 289-302
"This chapter investigates safety challenges journalists face when reporting on democratization conflicts and their impact on journalistic work. It builds on a comparative case study within the EU-funded project “Media, Conflict and Democratisation” (MeCoDEM), which explores journalistic work pr
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Embedded Journalism and Its Implications in the Field
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 255-266
"The Iraq War was a landmark in war reporting. The design and implementation of the embedded system enabled nearly 700 journalists to live and work alongside soldiers of the United States and British armies. Nearly 30 countries took part in the system, including Spain, one of the main supporters of
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