"This ethnic conflict frame performs three functions when used by African journalists. The first is that it works to domesticate the conflict [in Darfur] by relying on already sedimented knowledge among African audiences about identity formation … The second function of this frame is based on know
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ing that the national media subfields in the three countries [i.e., Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa] have a nuanced understanding of ethnic identities. When asked about the role of ethnicity in Darfur, a Nigerian journalist responded, "It's a factor, religion is a factor as well. Religion shapes ethnicity" (interview with a journalist, Nigeria 2015). This approach alerts us that, as far as African journalists are concerned, ethnicity does not always have a path-deterministic relationship with violence, as some journalists in the Global North have sometimes suggested (Wahutu 2017b, 16-17). The third point is that this ethnic conflict frame works to create a sense of shared affinity between the victims and the audience in Kenya, South Africa and Rwanda while othering those framed as Arab/Muslim as being radically different. This explanation is one that was more present during my interviews with journalists. In both Kenya and South Africa, journalists often viewed as Sudan as not "real Africa." (Page 246)
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"International non-governmental organisations (INGOs) have long been recognised as major contributors to the construction of Africa's image in the West through their impact stories, fundraising and advocacy campaigns. Yet although there has been considerable academic inquiry into these messages, res
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earch focusing on the editorial processes that produce them is still limited. Moreover, the few studies that exist tend to focus on the finished products as seen at the INGOs' Western headquarters. This is particularly curious, given that most of these stories originate from the INGOs' fields of operation in the Global South and are initially collected, written and edited by communication staff in national offices. This paper explores the various editorial power centres in the INGO story production process from the perspectives of global South staff. Based on data collected from five INGOs operating in East Africa, the paper draws three key conclusions: that INGO editorial processes are dynamic, contested and heterogeneous, field office staff possess underappreciated agency in the story editing process, and the extent to which INGOs can be said to speak on behalf of those they claim to help is in part linked to the amount of agency that communication staffers in the global South possess." (Abstract)
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"Climate and Sustainability Communication builds upon traditional approaches to understanding the role of mass media in shaping social issues by amplifying diverse perspectives of opinion leaders, as well as voices of those affected by climate and sustainability issues. From South Korea and China, t
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o the United States and Zambia, the studies reported in this book—compiled using a variety of formal research methods, including content analysis, interview, and survey—emphasize cultural orientation and global implications of climate and sustainability concerns and issues. The contributors explore the cultures, geographies, and media systems underpinning climate and sustainability campaigns emerging around the world, how we theorize about them, and the ways in which media are used to communicate about them. The way in which complex problems and opportunities associated with globalization and power inequities interplay with climate and sustainability communication requires creative, interdisciplinary, approaches. This book opens new conversations for integrating scholarly arenas of mass media communication, science and environmental communication, political communication, and health communication, as well as their respective theory and research method sets." (Publisher description)
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"The book examines the underlying principles that guide effective teaching in an age when all of us, and in particular the students we are teaching, are using technology. A framework for making decisions about your teaching is provided, while understanding that every subject is different, and every
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instructor has something unique and special to bring to their teaching. The book enables teachers and instructors to help students develop the knowledge and skills they will need in a digital age: not so much the IT skills, but the thinking and attitudes to learning that will bring them success." (Publisher description)
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"The second edition of Environment, Media and Communication builds on the first edition's framework for analysing and understanding media and communication roles in the politics of the environment. It draws on the significant and continuing growth and advances in the field of environmental communica
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tion research to show the increasing diversification and complexity of environmental communication. The book highlights the persistent urgency of analysing and understanding how communication about the environment is being influenced and manipulated, with implications for how and indeed whether environmental challenges are being addressed and dealt with. Since the first edition, changes in media organisations, news media and environmental journalism have continued apace, but - perhaps more significantly - the media technologies and the media and communications landscape have evolved profoundly with the continued rise of digital and social media. Such changes have gone hand in hand with, and often facilitated, enabled and enhanced shifting balances of power in the politics of the environment. There is thus a greater need than ever to analyse and understand the roles of mediated public communication about the environment, and to ask critical questions about who/what benefits and who/what is adversely affected by such processes." (Publisher description)
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"As new information technologies facilitate the production and dissemination of broadcast media, entertainment-education interventions are increasingly used in attempts to influence audiences on issues such as political participation, support for democracy, violence against women, and tolerance of e
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thnic, religious, and sexual minorities. What factors make these programs effective in enacting behavior change in their audiences? Insights from social learning theory, which motivate entertainment-education media, highlight that individuals (i) learn about behaviors by observing examples of behavior in their environment and (ii) adopt the behaviors that they believe will help them achieve their goals. We review the existing entertainment-education literature in light of this foundational theory and find that exposure to broadcast media can change behavior by linking desired behaviors to pre-existing goals. Conversely and as expected, the literature does not provide much evidence that media leads to behavior change by persuading individuals to adopt new goals. We conclude the review with a discussion of the prospects for successful broadcast media interventions in two domains: public health, a realm where most interventions focus on linking behavior with existing goals, and countering violent extremism (CVE), where most interventions focus on changing goals." (Abstract)
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"In presenting some of the findings from an analysis of 3,387 media reports and from interviews with Africa correspondents and other journalists from eight countries, this chapter provides several insights on patterns of media representations of the conflict in Darfur. After initial neglect, peaks i
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n reporting followed political initiatives, especially Kofi Annan's analogical bridging from the Rwandan genocide to Darfur, and the ICC interventions. Judicial interventions increased reporting and citations of the crime frame. While the humanitarian emergency frame featured prominently in early stages, its use declined quickly as continued suffering was no longer news and as the government of Sudan cut off sources of information. Diplomatic representations also declined over time. Patterns of reporting follow similar paths in all countries, but they do so at different levels of intensity. In addition, receptivity to the crime frame and use of the genocide label vary across countries. The causal factors of such variation are country-specific policy preferences and cultural sensitivities, distinct characteristics of media fields and varying strengths, that is, resources, power and prestige, of social fields that surround journalism." (Conclusions, page 270)
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"This contribution surveys learning approaches in the field of agricultural extension, agricultural advisory services, and rural communication and explores their relationships with Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). It makes a distinction between theory-based approaches to learning a
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nd design-based approaches to learning. The reviewed theory-based approaches are social learning, experiential learning, collaborative learning, and transformative learning and the design-based approaches are visual learning, intercultural learning, and distance learning. The choice for surveying these specific approaches is based on the relevance that these approaches have for the field of agricultural extension, agricultural advisory services, and rural communication. It is concluded that learning itself is to be seen as social and behavioral change and that the group is much valued in existing learning processes. Furthermore, experiences and reflections are central elements in all reviewed learning processes, and the visual and the cultural play crucial roles." (Abstract)
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"Within the development field, project evaluations and impact assessments are essential. Donors are increasingly requiring rigorous evaluations in order to (1) ensure that aid dollars are spent on projects that are having positive impacts and not being wasted on projects that are ineffective and (2)
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promote “evidence-based policy making” in which evaluations contribute to understanding best practices for development aid. These two goals are frequently referred to by the world’s major donors as promoting “accountability” and “learning,” respectively. However, current conceptions of learning and accountability are problematic – at times even counterproductive. This chapter provides an overview of the role of evaluations in the CDS field and the concepts of accountability and learning and then describes the problems, contradictions, and ethical dilemmas that arise in the field because of them. The chapter ends with suggestions for how the field might fine tune the concepts of learning and accountability in a way that would better serve both donors and aid recipients." (Abstract)
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"El análisis de contenido y las entrevistas en profundidad han revelado que las redes sociales son utilizadas por las tres ONGD como altavoz para amplificar su mensaje, pero no para construir comunidad e incitar el diálogo. Hay un déficit manifiesto por interpelar a los usuarios y por promover qu
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e estos participen de la evolución de la entidad más allá de donar o de integrarse como voluntario." (Conclusión)
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"Suicide attempt rates are on the rise in predominantly Islamic Republic of Pakistan. However, there exists an indigenous academic apathy toward exploring media-suicide relationships. This study, using content analysis and interviews, examines the lack of compliance with international ethical guidel
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ines for suicide reporting by Pakistani newspapers. In 553 reported suicide cases, 2,355 guideline violations were detected. The overall tone of suicide news stories remained overwhelmingly irresponsible, and analysis indicates that both Urdu and English language newspapers made similar violations. Largely ignorant of international standards, Pakistani journalists report attempted suicide cases just like any other crime. This study suggests a prompt action on the part of appropriate bodies to amend relevant codes of ethics and eventually educate relevant journalist fraternities to report suicides in a socially responsible way." (Abstract)
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"Along with the valorization of “beneficiary” participation in development praxis, contemporary communication scholarship has tended toward internet-enabled technologies and applications. This study breaks ranks with the implicit loss of faith in the capacity of the so-called legacy media, and r
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adio in particular. It argues that precisely those advances in new technologies, together with the peculiar media ecology of Ghana and Africa generally, are the bases for prenotions about the enduring relevance of radio. To verify this claim, focus group discussions were conducted among radio audiences in Ghana. The findings suggest three factors for a renaissance of radio as a development communication medium: its contribution to democratic pluralism; the use of local languages that enables social inclusion; its appropriation of new technologies for audience participatory engagement. Radio has thus evolved from the powerful effects notions of a one-way transmitter of information to an increasingly more interactive, audience-centric medium." (Abstract)
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"This book explores how community radio contributes to social change. Community radio remains a unique communication platform under digital capitalism, arguably capable of expanding the project of media democratisation. Yet there is a lack of in-depth analysis of community radio experience, and a de
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arth of understanding of its functionality as an actively transformative tool for greater equity in society. This project combines the theoretical positions of the political economy of communication with a citizen's media perspective in order to interrogate community radio's democratic potential. By presenting case studies of two radio stations in Melbourne (Australia) and Lospalos (Timor Leste), and applying multiple research methods, the book reveals community radio's amplification of media participation, communication rights, counter-hegemony and media power - in effect, its distinct regenerative voice." (Introduction)
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"Based on the literature review, mapping of digital education resources in circulation, and examples of implementation of digital education initiatives from around the world, this report aims to provide insights that would help lead to the wise, innovative and ethical use of digital technology in ed
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ucation as a new dimension in achieving SDG 4 — inclusive and equitable quality education and lifelong learning opportunities for all. By so doing, it also attempts to contribute to a rethink of teaching and learning in the face of enormous opportunities and challenges brought about by digital technology in the times of change and turmoil." (Executive summary)
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"Siguiendo la propuesta de la Red Eclesial Panamazónica (REPAM), el documento se estructura en base a las tres conversiones a las que nos invita el papa Francisco: Conversión pastoral que nos llama en la Exhortación Apostólica Evangelii Gadium, ver y escuchar. Conversión Ecológica que orienta
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el rumbo en la Encíclica Laudato Sì, juzgar y actuar. Conversión a la Sinodalidad Eclesial que estructura el caminar en la Constitución Apostólica Episcopalis Communio, juzgar y actuar." (Página 3)
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"Internews Rumour Tracking Methodology consists of four key functions: 1. A mechanism to determine and document which rumours are circulating; 2. An effective strategy to fact-check information and rumours; 3. A variety of accessible and inclusive mechanisms to share accurate responses to rumours; 4
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. A mechanism to share community voices with humanitarians and other stakeholders. Internews programs enable the community to access relevant and trusted information and provide community feedback to foster more inclusive decision making within humanitarian programs. These bridges are based on symmetrical two-way relationships that are attuned to listening as much as producing information and that link the national, local, and hyper-local information levels. This Learning Collection manual offers case studies, practical instructions and a template library to implement Internews rumour tracking methodology and through this effectively address rumours in humanitarian crisis and conflicts around the world. "Part I. Context" describes the importance of access to fair, accurate and actionable information; the damage rumours can do in a humanitarian context; and the value of Internews Rumour Tracking Methodology as a tool for communicating with communities and humanitarian accountability. "Part II. Case Study" gives an overview of several Internews rumour tracking projects and an in-depth case study of rumour tracking in Greece. The case study also covers challenges and lessons learned in order to offer recommendations for future rumour tracking activities." (Page 9)
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"This module presents a step-by-step process that will enable members of organisations, or campaigns, interested in improving their visibility and impact, to formulate effective communication strategies for social and behavioural change Chapter One includes elements that help situate the design of t
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he communication strategy within the context of each organisation; including its policies, practices and areas of work. Chapter Two and Three consider the theoretical foundations, paradigms and communication planning models. Chapter Four gives a summary of the different communication strategies and Chapter Five gives an outline of formative research. Chapter Six guides participants, step-by-step, through the design of a communication strategy. Throughout this chapter, participants are introduced to practical worksheets that help synthesise and apply key concepts in each step of the strategy design process. Additionally, references to different components of the Conceptual Module are made, including examples and case studies, which can help participants make decisions at each step of the process." (Overview, page vii)
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"This module provides key conceptual and theoretical elements for participants to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying processes and methodologies that guide the design, implementation and evaluation of a communication strategy. There are many definitions and approaches that vary depending
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upon the type of communication approach, and the specific development and social change issues being addressed. While this is not meant to be an academic text and is purposefully written in a way that is accessible to multiple audiences, it does include relevant academic references for those readers interested in the rich communication for development literature. Chapter One includes a general approach to strategic planning in social organisations. It is expected to help assist understanding of how a communication strategy must be formulated as an integral component of the policies and strategic focus areas of the organisation. Chapter Two briefly discusses key concepts and theoretical shifts around communication, culture, development and social change processes. As communication processes often entail a political perspective, these processes are linked with the goal of strengthening democracy and citizenship, as well as with the achievement of development objectives such as the Sustainable Development Goals and their corresponding targets. This chapter also discusses inclusive perspectives, particularly in relation to gender and human rights. Chapter Three includes a brief history of the evolution of conceptual approaches in the field of communication for development, many of which are derived from important transformations in development efforts over the last 70 years, as well as reformulations of the role played by communication in those processes. Chapters Three and Four introduce key communication models and strategies for social and behaviour change. These chapters emphasise conceptual elements and highlight specific methodological elements that are discussed in detail in the Participant’s Module. Finally, Chapter Five provides core concepts and definitions about designing, implementing and evaluating communication strategies for development and social change, including formative research, strategy design, and monitoring and evaluation. Specific guidance on how to implement each of these steps is provided in the Participant’s Module." (Overview, page vii)
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