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The Measurement of Trust in Communication Research, Part 2

Paola Pascual-Ferrá

Communication Research Trends, volume 40, issue 1 (2021), pp. 4-36

"In this review of the literature I have attempted to show how researchers in different areas of communication have conceptualized and operationalized trust and trust-related concepts. Trust has been associated most with the concept of credibility, but other words that have been used to operationali ... ze it include believability, accuracy, honesty, truthfulness, trustworthiness, sincerity, competence, expertise, reliability, and goodwill, to name some. The concept of trust, just as credibility, is multi-dimensional, and it seems to depend on the context, the person, and the task that is evaluated, as one may not necessarily trust another with a personal secret but may trust that person to complete a work-related task well. As might have become evident to the reader, our discipline's interest in measuring trust has been mostly utilitarian: trust as a means to an end (e.g., persuasion, credibility, and effectiveness of the communicator, to name some). While not all of the trust-related research in communication has been self-serving, it has focused mostly on the benefits that communicators can derive from growing others' trust in them, and less on the benefit that the act of trusting may have on others beyond the communicator, or other possible outcomes stemming from trust. One of the few exceptions has been in the instructional communication literature, where measures of trust have been used to study levels of student satisfaction, development and learning; interpersonal communication, where measures of trust have been used to study satisfaction in relationships between friends and romantic partners; and health communication, where communicating trust in the patient-provider interaction can increase the patient's self-awareness and sense of well-being. The mostly transactional and utilitarian view of trust that has dominated so far is perhaps a reflection of the increased professionalization of the discipline, the need for practical applications within the business setting and the cultures that sustain them and are in turn sustained by them. It would be interesting for future research to consider trust from the perspective of the person who is doing the trusting what impact does trust have on them beyond being persuaded and returning as consumers of information and products? It would be interesting for future research to approach the study of trust from that perspective as well as from non-traditional (read non-Western/Anglo-Saxon) socioeconomic and cultural perspectives." (Conclusion, page 21) more

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Media Landscape [Ethiopia]

BBC Media Action (2021), 5 pp.

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Archives and Human Rights

Jens Boel, Perrine Canavaggio, Antonio González Quintana (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2021), xxi, 330 pp.

"Why and how can records serve as evidence of human rights violations, in particular crimes against humanity, and help the fight against impunity? Archives and Human Rights shows the close relationship between archives and human rights and discusses the emergence, at the international level, of the ... more

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La radio: El medio de comunicación que llega al 80 % de personas diariamente

Lima: CPI (2021), 6 pp.

"La pandemia del Covid 19 generó notables cambios en los hábitos de consumo de las personas y su interacción con los medios. Como consecuencia del aislamiento social, las personas buscaron fuentes de información y entretenimiento confiables y de fácil acceso, por lo que la radio incrementó su ... more

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Indigenous Digital Life: The Practice and Politics of Being Indigenous on Social Media

Bronwyn Carlson, Ryan Frazer

Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2021), xv, 259 pp.

"Indigenous Digital Life offers a broad, wide-ranging account of how social media has become embedded in the lives of indigenous Australians. Centring on ten core themes-including identity, community, hate, desire and death-we seek to understand both the practice and broader politics of being Indige ... more

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Comunidades Kichwa y Shuar y sus medios comunitarios: Uso y hábitos de consumo de medios en la Amazonía Ecuatoriana de las comunidades Kichwa y Shuar

Coordinadora de Medios Comunitarios Populares y Educativos del Ecuador (CORAPE) (2021), 17 pp.

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Kino und Katharsis? Bilder vom Nationalsozialismus im deutschen Film

Sonja M. Schultz

In: Aufarbeitung des Nationalsozialismus: Ein Kompendium

Magnus Brechtken (ed.)

Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb), Sonderausg. (2021), pp. 534-556

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Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach: The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression

Nate Schenkhan, Isabel Linzer

Washington, DC: Freedom House (2021), 74 pp.

"This report is the product of an effort to understand the scale and scope of “transnational repression,” in which governments reach across national borders to silence dissent among their diaspora and exile communities. Freedom House assembled cases of transnational repression from public source ... more

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Engendering AI: A Gender and Ethics Perspective on Artificial Intelligence in Africa

Favour Borokini, Sandra Nabulega, Garnett Achieng

Pollicy (2021), 22 pp.

"Although AI solutions have the potential to drive growth and development across major sectors such as finance, agriculture, and healthcare, the AI industry is currently still based in North America, Europe, and Asia, with Africa, unfortunately, still underrepresented (Jungblut, 2020). This is a thr ... more

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Assessing the Effectiveness of Online Facebook Campaigns Targeting Potential Irregular Migrants: A Pilot Study in Three West African Countries

Esther Haarman, Jasper Tjaden, Gustavo López

Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2020), 41 pp.

"Studies have shown that many irregular migrants embark on journeys without accurate or complete information about migration. In response, IOM and other organizations run information campaigns intended to inform potential migrants of the dangers associated with irregular migration and to facilitate ... informed decisions. The use of online and social media platforms for these campaigns has become increasingly popular in recent years, due to their potential for quickly reaching millions of people at low cost. While the evidence base for offline information campaigns has been gradually improving, it remains unclear how online communication campaigns affect potential migrants, and methodologies to do this remain underdeveloped. This report therefore presents results from a pilot impact assessment of an online campaign based on Facebook posts in Guinea, Nigeria and Senegal during September 2019 and February 2020 [.] Conclusion: Facebook ad campaigns can reach many people quickly. However, large audience sizes and relatively cheap costs come with a trade-off. The impact of an information campaign on potential migrants’ perceptions, attitudes, knowledge and behaviour remains largely unknown because many Facebook users that engage with the campaign do not fit the intended target group. The advantage of offline over online campaigns is that implementers have more control and information about who attends activities or who is exposed to campaign content. The engagement of users with campaign posts varies largely by audience and post characteristics. Campaign and social media teams are well advised to conduct pilot tests before scaling up activities. Pilot tests can inform a customized approach for each online activity on Facebook, and thereby maximize impact. In addition to A/B tests, lift tests may offer a useful opportunity to test the impact of Facebook posts. Compared to impact assessments of offline information campaigns, measuring the impact of Facebook ads on potential migrants presents several unique challenges, including: Many potential migrants are not on Facebook or do not use ad content to seek information about migration. Internet connectivity is also limited in many West African countries. While Facebook allows users to narrow down target groups, it is not clear whether those Facebook users that are exposed to the content fit the profile of potential migrants. Whether the intended target group is reached can be affirmed only through surveys, which have a low response rate; It is not possible to interview the same Facebook users several times to track changes in their perceptions. Engagement metrics like post reactions, link clicks or video plays can be useful indicators. However, these low-engagement metrics do not offer clear evidence of the short- or long-term effects on Facebook users." (Executive summary) more

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IOM Public Communication Campaign Toolkit
Key Guidance

Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2020), 86 pp.

"IOM seeks to provide practical guidance on designing, delivering and evaluating effective communication campaigns relating to migration. The guidance covers different approaches, themes, programme areas and methods to improve relevance, audience participation and results. The aim is to identify and ... more

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Experiencias y enfoques de comunicación, memoria y paz

Chasqui: Revista Latinoamericana de Comunicación (Quito), issue 143 (2020), p.41-243 pp.

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Measuring News Consumption in a Digital Era: As News Outlets Morph and Multiply, Both Surveys and Passive Data Collection Tools Face Challenges

Michael Barthel, Amy Mitchell et al.

Pew Research Center (2020), 130 pp.

"In the mid-20th century, when media research came into its own, this task was more straightforward. There were only a few different ways to get news, and all were clearly distinct – print publications, radio or television. But over the past decades, in addition to a plethora of new forms of news ... more

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Child Online Safety

End Violence Against Children (2020), 16 pp.

"In September 2019, the End Violence Fund launched a $13 million open call for solutions focused on leveraging new and existing technologies. These technologies include artificial intelligence, machine learning, data science, blockchain, virtual reality and other innovative solutions that have the p ... more

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Melodrama and Public Pedagogy: The Construction of Memory from Television Fiction

Cristian Cabalin, Lorena Antezana

Comunicación y Sociedad, issue e7362 (2020), pp. 1-19

"This article presents the main results of a research project that aims to analyze the construction of cultural memory through fictional series that represented the dictatorship period of Augusto Pinochet in Chile. Based on interviews and focus groups with young people between 18 and 24 years old wh ... more

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Comparing Gender and Media Equality Across the Globe: A Cross-National Study of the Qualities, Causes, and Consequences of Gender Equality in and Through the News Media
Top Insights

Monika Djerf-Pierre, Maria Edström (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2020), 338 pp.

"Comparing Gender and Media Equality across the Globe addresses longstanding questions in the study of gender equality in media content and media organisations across countries and over time. Drawing on data from the Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP), European Institute for Gender Equality (EIG ... more

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Media-Friendly Glossary on Migration: Women Migrant Workers and Ending Violence Against Women (EVAW) Edition
Key Guidance

Deepa Bharathi, Swathi Jakkula, Rebecca Napier-Moore, Valentina Volpe

International Labour Organization (ILO);Spotlight Initiative (2020), 23 pp.

"This glossary serves as a guide for journalists, researchers, trainers and other stakeholders who conduct trainings or write about women’s labour migration, and who write about violence against women in the context of migration. It has been compiled as part of the EU-UN Spotlight Initiative to El ... more

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Strategies and (survival) Tactics: The Case of Syrian Oppositional Media in Turkey

Yazan Badran

Journal of Alternative and Community Media, volume 5, issue 1 (2020), pp. 69-85

"This article aims to investigate the regulatory, financial and political environment negotiated by oppositional Syrian media operating in exile in Turkey, as well as to identify the main tactics used by them in negotiating between these constraints to ensure their survival in an increasingly diffic ... more

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Reporting Migration: A Handbook on Migration Reporting for Journalists
Key Guidance

Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) (2020), 193 pp.

"As you have seen in this handbook, the media can have a huge influence on the overall image of migrants and on migration itself, contributing strongly to the formation of a public discourse and opinion-making on this topic and highlighting the most pressing migration challenges or the various benef ... more

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Media and Information Literacy Index. Country Report Côte D’Ivoire

Luise Krumm, Dennis Reineck

Bonn: Deutsche Welle DW Akademie (2020), 27 pp.

"Young Ivorians are adept at using digital media. They are creative when it comes to using digital media and many have developed strategies to cope with media malpractices such as cyberbullying or hate speech. These are two significant, indicative findings from the present MIL INDEX country study. B ... oth seem very impressive considering the challenges of high illiteracy rates and the strongly politicized national media landscape in Côte d’Ivoire. The results of the study are drawn from eight focus groups conducted in the beginning of 2019 in Abidjan and Bouaké and interviews with eight local experts. They confirm that young people are very good at using and creating content on social media but urgently need better critical, analytical, and reflective skills. This MIL INDEX study is aimed at obtaining a concise picture of media- and information-related skills amongst youths under the age of 35 in Côte d’Ivoire. It addresses five dimensions of Media and Information Literacy (MIL) according to DW Akademie’s MIL model: access, analysis, reflection, creation, and action. In terms of access the focus groups conducted for this study reveal that young urban and semi-urban Ivorians use a variety of different media for purposes such as consuming information, communication, entertainment, education, or business information. Digital media, particularly social media platforms and instant messengers, are the most used and most popular among this age group and are generally preferred over traditional media. Nonetheless, radio and television are still valued for their auditory and visual input which are significant characteristics considering the high illiteracy rates of about 40,4 % present in Côte d’Ivoire (UIS, 2018). A divide between more urban and more rural regions is visible in the case of radio programs, which are more popular in more rural settings. The focus groups suggest this is due to the fact that local radio stations are often the only media which provide news relevant to more remote areas. Most other media show a tendency to focus only on news from the capital. Printed media are widely regarded as too costly and outdated by Ivorian youths. The results of the analysis dimension indicate that most focus group participants possess a good digital and media knowledge while at the same time many lack awareness of their rights to freedom of expression and access to information. Striking was that youths generally consider content provided by traditional media to be more trustworthy, but mainly consume social media content. This and often very loose definitions of what media quality means showed that there is still room for improvement when it comes to the young people’s analytical skills. Overall, urbanites seem to question the trustworthiness of media content slightly more than youths from more rural regions. Results from the reflection dimension confirm that Ivorian youths are constantly exposed to malevolent forms of communication and media malpractices such as cyberbullying, hate speech, sexual harassment, and disinformation. Most young people show strong abilities when it comes to recognizing media problems and using prevention or coping strategies to handle them. Exceptions are politically motivated disinformation and biased reporting which are taken as normal in the Ivorian context. Due to this tendency towards normalization only very few young people reflect critically upon this media malpractice. Reflection on a deeper level such as on the impact of media messages or motivations of news outlets is often missing among young people." (Executive summary) more

IOM Public Communication Campaign Toolkit Key Guidance

Comparing Gender and Media Equality Across the Globe: A Cross-National Study of the Qualities, Causes, and Consequences of Gender Equality in and Through the News Media Top Insights

Media-Friendly Glossary on Migration: Women Migrant Workers and Ending Violence Against Women (EVAW) Edition Key Guidance

Reporting Migration: A Handbook on Migration Reporting for Journalists Key Guidance

IOM Public Communication Campaign Toolkit
Key Guidance

Comparing Gender and Media Equality Across the Globe: A Cross-National Study of the Qualities, Causes, and Consequences of Gender Equality in and Through the News Media
Top Insights

Media-Friendly Glossary on Migration: Women Migrant Workers and Ending Violence Against Women (EVAW) Edition
Key Guidance

Reporting Migration: A Handbook on Migration Reporting for Journalists
Key Guidance