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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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1
1
1
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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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1
1
1
1
1
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1
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1
1
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1
1
1
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1
1
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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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1
1
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1
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1
1
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1
1
1
1
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1
1
1
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1
1
1
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1
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1
1
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1
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1
1
1
1
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1
1
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1
1
1
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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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1
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1
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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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1
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1
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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Media focus
9270
2537
1690
1336
696
238
235
113
42
28
Publication Years
4384
5624
2694
842
415
198
1289
141
18
1
Methods applied
522
487
416
325
197
81
62
49
27
14
14
11
7
6
5
5
5
4
3
2
1
Journals
272
183
128
94
93
79
73
69
69
67
67
63
60
45
39
39
37
36
36
34
34
32
31
30
25
25
25
23
20
19
18
17
16
16
15
15
15
15
15
14
14
13
13
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
10
10
10
10
10
9
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9
9
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4
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4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
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2
2
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2
2
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2
2
2
2
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2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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Output Type
7674
3372
3322
629
220
181
130
71
The Alternative Media Handbook
Abingdon: Routledge (2007), xvi, 352 pp.
"'Alternative Media' is the term used to describe non-mainstream media forms that are independently run and community focussed, such as zines, pirate radio, online discussion boards, community run and owned broadcasting companies, and activist publications such as Red Pepper and Corporate Watch. The
...
book outlines the different types of 'alternative" (Publisher description)
more
"This book is the result of a research project covering eight countries in South and South East Asia examining the role and impact of alternative media. The definition of alternative media depends very much on the political, social, cultural and economic environment you live in. Thus, this book give
...
s the reader an idea of the diversity of alternative media sources available across Asia, which is very much a result of the different media regulatory regimes in the countries we have included in this study. While Bangladesh has had alternative media, in the form of community theatre and other artistic expressions for a long time, yet, community radio, which is fast becoming one of the most effective forms of alternative media in Asia, is slow to take off, because the regulations still do not allow it. Meanwhile in Indonesia and Thailand, community radio has taken off rapidly, with regulators struggling to come up with a formula to help regulate the sector while not shutting it down. In the Philippine community radio has existed legally for many years and is thriving, thus, there may be lessons others can learn from this experience. In Malaysia, where legislation tightly controls the establishment of media outlets, there are yet, some interesting examples of how alternative media could be effectively operated via the Internet. Sri Lanka, offers an interesting model where elements of community broadcasting could exist within a public service broadcaster. Thus, this book, gives you interesting examples from Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand of how people are getting their voices heard - or are struggling to make that happen - using a variety of media and methods of expression." (Publisher description)
more
Radio Baba Gurgur: A Field-Report on Community Broadcasting in Kirkuk (March 2007)
In: Shahadat: Witnessing Iraq's Transformation After 2003
Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) (2007), pp. 86-91
"The work force at Radio Baba Gurgur includes a mixture of four Iraqi ethnicities: Kurds, Turkmens, Arabs and Chaldean-Assyrians. Because our programs aim at targeting all listeners in our multifaceted city, we broadcast in all of Kirkuk’s different languages. Our policy is not to increase the lin
...
guistic divide between these communities at our station and not to dedicate certain timeslots to particular groups, meaning: not to give two hours to Kurds and two hours to Arabs, etc. To this end, our programs are linguistically mixed, and we have been helped here by the fact that many of our presenters at Radio Baba Gurgur know most of the languages used in Kirkuk (Kurdish, Turkmen, Arabic and Assyrian). Accordingly, our programs offer a linguistic and cultural mix, which is further encouraged by the various discussion topics which are proposed on the shows, the phone calls received from listeners, and the music and songs which are played as well. This policy has led to an overall increase in our listeners, as well as an increase in listeners across the cultural spectrum. It has also led to increased competition between our station’s employees in learning more local languages and interacting more systematically with listeners." (Pages 87-88)
more
Media and Communications in the Third World
New Dehli: Kanishka (2007), xix, 249 pp.
The Broadcast Journalism Handbook
Key Guides
Essex: Pearson Education (2007), xii, 572 pp.
Creating Powerful Radio: Getting, Keeping and Growing Audiences
Oxford: Focal Press (2007), xvi, 340 pp.
The Media, Politics and Public Life
Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin (2007), 228 pp.
Community Radio in India
New Delhi: UNESCO (2007), 50 pp.
"This is a series of five introductory booklets on how civil society, government, donor agencies, media and the United Nations can strengthen the community radio sector in India." (commbox)
Exporting Press Freedom: Economic and Editorial Dilemmas in International Media Assistance
Deep Insights
New Brunswick; London: Transaction Publishers (2007), 310 pp.
"Exporting Press Freedom examines the history and practice of media assistance, and argues that the dilemma of media independence and sustainability is best understood as an economic problem rather than one of poor editorial standards or lack of will. It includes profiles of news and public affairs
...
media in developing and democratizing countries, and also of two non-governmental organizations that have pioneered the use of low-interest loans in media assistance. These profiles exemplify strategic and entrepreneurial approaches to developing and supporting public service media. Such approaches may be of use not only in the developing world, but in the consolidated Western democracies as well, where concern has grown about poor journalistic performance and its consequences for democratic governance." (Publisher description)
more
The Community Leads the Way: Community Radio in Lao PDR as a Vehicle to Promote Community Development, Peace and Stability Advancing the Millenium Development Goals. Report of the Final Evaluation - Project 00049934 ”Khoun Radio Support Project: Bringing Local News to Local People in Xieng Khouang"
Vientiane (LA): UNDP Lao PDR (2007), 44 pp.
"This evaluation has five main objectives: to evaluate the implementation results of the project, to extract the lessons learnt, to propose a way forward for the Khoun Radio, to assess the feasibility of a national scale-up strategy, and finally to consider which role UNDP could play in these proces
...
ses. In summary it can be said that the project has managed to have a number of the crucial components of the project implemented. In spite of strong and committed initiative, support and management from the UNDP side, the uniting and facilitating organisational framework is not yet fully in place. It is, however, considered possible to remedy this lack through an intensive, participatory planning process in Khoun among the board members and the community broadcasters – facilitated by the project staff. The report presents, analyses and extracts recommendations in connection with all of the project’s four activities: establishment of a radio station; training of district and provincial information officers; training of (volunteer) programme producers and the board; elaboration of a baseline study and collaboration with other communityoriented radio activities in Laos." (Executive summary, page 6)
more
Model Curricula for Journalism Education for Developing Countries and Emerging Democracies
Key Guides
Paris: UNESCO (2007), 148 pp.
"I have been privileged to compile this anthology of essays, stories and testimonies of Africa’s top media executives who, through their actions and visionary leadership, are re-shaping and strengthening Africa’s fledgling media companies and institutions. Their touching real-life stories are an
...
inspiration to all who work and desire to see Africa succeed and to have its voice heard above the din of the new digital age. A financially robust African media that is also independent and pluralistic will serve to give meaning to and strengthen the continent’s nascent democracy and contribute to the lifting of its people out of grinding under-development, poverty and related ills. These media leaders, in sharing their stories with the rest of Africa and the world, show that the real test of what works and does not work in managing and leading a successful media firm too often lies in the field and at times does not necessarily follow orthodoxy." (Editor's note)
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Ética do profissional da comunicação
São Paulo: Paulinas (2007), 372 pp.
New Television, Globalisation, and the East Asian Cultural Imagination
Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press (2007), viii, 220 pp.
Internationalization of the Chinese TV Sector
Münster: Lit (2007), 336 pp.
"In this reader media experts discuss the prospects and problems of program exchange between German and Chinese Broadcasters. They explain that program exchange is not the cockaigne one could assume with regard to the non-rivalry of media content and the huge Chinese TV market (more than 300 million
...
TV households and an estimated 180,000 hours of weekly broadcast time across all TV platforms), but that many economic peculiarities of the media that only can be read in the footnotes of economic text books are highly relevant in practice. To trade TV programs with China thus requires a solid knowledge about the TV business in general, but also about the Chinese media order and the Chinese society, and the Chinese way of business." (Back cover)
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