"In this chapter, we explore the role of the media in the context of Africa's broader democratization trends through an examination of three main areas: the media as political actors in conflict; the challenge of looking beyond formal state structures to informal governance in order to better unders
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tand the structure of the media and its relationship to centres of power, including ethnic or religious allegiances; and [...] the attempts of Africa's leaders to offer an alternative 'theory' about the role of media in democratization in conflict and postconflict societies." (Page 290)
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"Es hilft nichts, sich eine bessere Welt zu wünschen, in der alle Beteiligten eines Konflikts gewaltlos dazu gebracht werden können, einen friedlichen Ausgleich für ihre Interessen zu finden: Das Konzept steht und fällt mit der Friedensfähigkeit und Kompromissbereitschaft der Beteiligten. Daher
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ist eine differenzierte Betrachtung des Friedensjournalismus geboten: Viele seiner Forderungen führen zu einer Verbesserung im Sinne eines qualitätsorientierten, differenzierten und an einem tieferen Verständnis orientierten Journalismus. Das sagt auch sein Vordenker Galtung. Als globales Konzept zur Regelung aller Konflikte beruht der Friedensjournalismus aber auf einer Illusion, die vor allem für die Opfer von Gewalt in einem Konflikt gefährliche Folgen haben kann." (Fazit, Seite 91)
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"From September through December 2014, we estimate that at least 46,000 Twitter accounts were used by ISIS supporters, although not all of them were active at the same time [...] Typical ISIS supporters were located within the organization’s territories in Syria and Iraq, as well as in regions con
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tested by ISIS. Hundreds of ISIS-supporting accounts sent tweets with location metadata embedded. Almost one in five ISIS supporters selected English as their primary language when using Twitter. Three quarters selected Arabic. ISIS-supporting accounts had an average of about 1,000 followers each, considerably higher than an ordinary Twitter user. ISIS-supporting accounts were also considerably more active than non-supporting users. Much of ISIS’s social media success can be attributed to a relatively small group of hyperactive users, numbering between 500 and 2,000 accounts, which tweet in concentrated bursts of high volume. A minimum of 1,000 ISIS-supporting accounts were suspended between September and December 2014, and we saw evidence of potentially thousands more. Accounts that tweeted most often and had the most followers were most likely to be suspended. At the time our data collection launched in September 2014, Twitter began to suspend large numbers of ISIS-supporting accounts [...] Account suspensions do have concrete effects in limiting the reach and scope of ISIS activities on social media. They do not, at the current level of implementation, eliminate those activities, and cannot be expected to do this." (Executive summary)
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"This paper provides a critical review of literature on journalism in conflict societies (‘conflict journalism’), by investigating principal theories, concepts and arguments, as well as empirical research findings concerning journalism and its role in democratisation processes and conflicts [...
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] the paper focusses on journalistic actors and their journalistic work practices, role perceptions and ethical orientations." (Executive summary)
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"Cette publication présente l’histoire de 18 journalistes centrafricains, tous victimes de diverses menaces, bastonnades et intimidations, pendant qu’ils effectuaient leur travail de reportage sur le conflit qui a déchiré leur pays entre 2012 et 2014 [...] Les témoignages dans cette publicat
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ion illustrent le fait que beaucoup devrait être fait dans le sens d’équiper les journalistes locaux avec les outils pour mieux gérer les situations de conflits, aussi bien en ce qui concerne leur sécurité physique personnelle, que la manière de rendre compte des histoires relatives aux conflits. Bien que ces outils ne soient pas suffisants pour atténuer les dangers que courent les journalistes en couvrant les conflits, ils pourraient, à certains égards, les aider à s’en sortir av ant, pendant et après les conflits." (Avant-propos, page 6-7)
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"This paper provides a critical overview of the literature on media and conflict by focusing on the ways in which contemporary media frame different types of political conflict. It reveals a fractured field. There is an extensive literature on how media report on wars, on election campaigns and popu
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lar protest and social movements in western democracies, as well as some research on media coverage of violent conflicts in non-democratic regimes and democratising states, but there are only limited attempts to draw parallels between the media coverage of different kinds of conflicts and little cross-fertilisation of findings from the disparate literatures." (Executive summary)
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"This paper serves as an overview of the global pattern of crimes committed against media workers, the impunity connected with such acts, and the steps both the international community and individual states have taken to confront the situation. The first chapter introduces the magnitude of the trend
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of violence journalists face, the impunity for said crimes, and its impact on freedom of expression and democracy. This overview draws on the statistics of non-governmental organizations and other international bodies to demonstrate the global nature of the problem. The second chapter explains the methods of international organs— such as the United Nations, the organization of American States, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe— have employed to combat such impunity. Declarations, resolutions, plans of actions and judicial opinions from international courts all inform this capsulation. The third chapter describes the programs countries have implemented to confront the issue, specifically within Latin America. Such innovations include the creation of special prosecutors, the federalization of crimes against journalists, and protection programs." (Page 3)
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"How do interventions by the UN Security Council and the International Criminal Court influence representations of mass violence? What images arise instead from the humanitarianism and diplomacy fields? How are these competing perspectives communicated to the public via mass media? Zooming in on the
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case of Darfur, Joachim J. Savelsberg analyzes more than three thousand news reports and opinion pieces and interviews leading newspaper correspondents, NGO experts, and foreign ministry officials from eight countries to show the dramatic differences in the framing of mass violence around the world and across social fields." (Publisher description)
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"Die vorliegende Broschüre fasst die Erkenntnisse von jugendschutz.net aus den Recherchen zu Islamismus im Internet zusammen und beschreibt das Phänomen aus der Perspektive des Jugendschutzes. Im Blick sind dabei vor allem Strategien, mit denen junge User für islamistische Propaganda geködert we
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rden. Aufgezeigt werden auch mögliche Gegenaktivitäten." (Seite 2)
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"If the focus of peace journalism is to press for quality journalism during conflict reporting which will ultimately contribute to peace, then the findings of this study show that the available reporting on the Balochistan conflict passes the litmus test. The coverage is pro-people, and the reporter
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s are aware of their responsibility to society. Despite acute security problems, the journalists have been able to bring the conflict onto the public agenda. A majority of Pakistanis now agree that the people of Balochistan have been maltreated by both politicians and the army, and the time has come to grant them the rights for which they have been fighting for decades, sacrificed thousands of lives and endured great suffering." (Abstract)
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"One of the biggest hurdles facing the field of peace journalism (PJ) is its vague definition. This paper proposes defining PJ as it operates on a spectrum, from passive to active. Through a review of extant PJ literature, this paper synthesizes current theory into an overarching, explicit concept,
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and calls for it to be further adopted and expanded. To conclude it considers potential advantages, drawbacks, and critiques of its proposal." (Abstract)
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"This rapid review identifies recent literature on the role of social media plays in conflict management in post-Conflict and fragile contexts. Conflict management refers to policies relating to national reconciliation; peace-building; stronger state-Citizen relations; and social cohesion and inclus
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ion. In most of the literature, social media was grouped in with new media and information communication technologies (ICTs). The evidence base for this area is weak despite much enthusiasm over the potential impact social media could have. Very little analysis of the impact of social media on conflict has been carried out." (Page 1)
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"The present report provides a global overview of the dynamics characterizing hate speech online and some of the measures that have been adopted to counteract and mitigate it, highlighting good practices that have emerged at the local and global levels. While the study offers a comprehensive analysi
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s of the international, regional and national normative frameworks developed to address hate speech online, and their repercussions for freedom of expression, it places particular emphasis on social and non-regulatory mechanisms that can help to counter the production, dissemination and impact of hateful messages online." (Executive summary)
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"The Safety Guide for Journalists issued by Reporters Without Borders is aimed at providing guidelines and practical advice for all those who risk running into an enemy of press freedom on a street corner or on a deserted road. Such a situation can quickly test the difference between a happy-go-luck
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y journalist who set off unprepared and a reporter who packed the right survival kit of experience and equipment. In partnership with UNESCO, Reporters Without Borders is bringing out a new edition of the Handbook for reporters in high-risk environments." (Abstract)
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"L'utilisation des technologies de l'information dans des projets innovants a été largement encouragée dans le cadre de divers projets d'appuis aux médias de la région des Grands Lacs. Cyprien Ndikumana présente un certain nombre d'initiatives mises en place, depuis 10 ans, pour amener les jou
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rnalistes du Burundi, du Rwanda et du Congo, à apporter une contribution positive à l'édification d'une paix durable. Il détaille quelques-uns de ces projets, mais s'attarde aussi sur les interrogations qu'ils engendrent en termes de durabilité et d'appropriation." (Introduction, page 10)
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"Recommendations revolve around five building blocks of a co-ordinated strategy that calls for: 1. A regional news hub for the Russian language that embodies the values of fairness, accuracy and watchdog reporting, and builds a network of partners to leverage high-quality news content to wider audie
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nces across platforms [...] 2. A content sharing platform (“content factory”) to encourage the production and distribution of highquality programming on television and online, with particular emphasis on content that reflects local issues and local lives [...] 3. A centre for media excellence in the Russian language that co-ordinates the work of governments, NGOs and educational institutions in ongoing market research and media monitoring, media literacy programmes, professional training and peer-to-peer exchanges. 4. Alongside the three main building blocks, a basket fund should be established to provide a critical mass of funding for the building blocks [...] 5. On top of the three main building blocks should sit a multimedia distribution platform that guarantees a degree of “buy in” and ensures content generated by the news exchange and content factory reaches the widest possible audience." (Page 4)
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"Argues that renewed energy and resources should be invested in strategies that support media systems rooted in public service values of trust, independence, universality and putting the public interest before all others. Despite formidable challenges, support strategies should include a revitalised
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and more imaginative focus on supporting the reform of state broadcasters to help them become editorially and financially independent public service broadcasters." (Executive summary)
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