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When the Subaltern Speaks: Citizen Journalism and Genocide ‘victims’ Voices Online

Shepherd Mpofu

African Journalism Studies, volume 36, issue 4 (2015), pp. 82-101

"The study uses online observation and critical discourse analysis (CDA) to examine how ‘Ndebeles’ [= Ndebele-speaking people of Zimbabwe] discuss the 1980s genocide and how citizen journalism has generally revolutionised their participation in debates silenced by the ruling elite. What strongly ... more

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World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: Special Digital Focus 2015
Top Insights

Paris: UNESCO (2015), 197 pp.

"With a focus on online hate speech, protection of journalism sources, the role of internet intermediaries in fostering freedom online, and the safety of journalists, the report highlights the importance of new actors in promoting and protecting freedom of expression online and off-line." (Back cove ... more

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Media and Journalism in Peace Work

Christiane Kayser, Flaubert Djateng (eds.)

Berlin: Brot für die Welt (2015), 110 pp.

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Violations Against Female Journalists in the West Bank and Gaza Strip

Ghazi Bani Odeh

Palestinian Center for Development and Media Freedoms (MADA) (2015), 25 pp.

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Emerging Practices in Design, Monitoring, and Evaluation for Education for Peacebuilding Programming: Practice Guide

Rebecca Herrington

Washington, DC: Search for Common Ground (2015), 59 pp.

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Journalism at Risk: Threats, Challenges and Perspectives

Strasbourg: Council of Europe (2015), 272 pp.

"Is journalism under threat? The image of journalists, as helmeted war correspondents protected by bullet-proof vests and armed only with cameras and microphones, springs to mind. Physical threats are only the most visible dangers, however. Journalists and journalism itself are facing other threats ... more

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Making Secondary Trauma a Primary Issue: A Study of Eyewitness Media and Vicarious Trauma on the Digital Frontline

Sam Dubberley, Elizabeth Griffin, Haluk Mert Bal

Istanbul: Eyewitness Media Hub (2015), 69 pp.

"The rapid and incredible growth of eyewitness media (also known as user-generated content or UGC) has led to the emergence of a new cadre of journalists, humanitarian and human rights professionals whose job it is to seek out, verify and edit the most disturbing and traumatic raw images captured by ... non professionals and posted online. These professionals are tasked with viewing and sifting through massive volumes of eyewitness media - that is, raw, unedited, authentic footage now captured regularly on smartphones - to enhance their investigations, reporting, operations, prosecutions and advocacy. Professionals who work with eyewitness media watch disturbing footage from war zones, natural and manmade disasters and accidents over and over again to verify its veracity and to edit out images that are deemed too extreme for viewing by the general public. Viewing traumatic images of death, destruction, blood and unimaginable horrors all day every day - often for years on end - is now an integral part of the daily work of many desk-bound staff working for news, human rights and humanitarian organisations who are often located thousands of miles away from where the actual horrors occur. Whether it is a broadcaster, publisher, human rights or humanitarian professional, symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are now evident amongst staff working in offices on what we call the digital frontline. This study builds upon previous research that proved that viewing distressing eyewitness media can lead psychological injury, including, but not restricted to, such conditions as PTSD and major depression. The principle aim of this research is to explore the following questions: How much distressing eyewitness media are professionals, who work in the three professional sectors, watching? How frequently, and in what volumes are professionals viewing distressing eyewitness media? What kinds of eyewitness media do professionals find particularly distressing?" What coping mechanisms, if any, have been developed by staff to help mitigate the potentially negative effects of viewing distressing content? - What support, if any, do professionals receive from their organisations and senior managers? - Does organisational culture encourage or prevent professionals from requesting support from their organisation’s hierarchy? What training and preparation is provided to raise awareness of or mitigate the adverse impact of trauma exposure on university graduates, newcomers and those established in post? What resources do organisations provide to prevent, mitigate and treat the adverse impact of trauma exposure? Which of those resources have been used? Which are found to be the most useful? What do staff who experience vicarious trauma need and expect from their organisations in order to support them? Based on an online survey (to which we received 209 responses from people working with eyewitness media across all three professional sectors) and 38 in-depth, anonymous interviews we find that: the impact of eyewitness media on journalism, human rights and humanitarian work means that the frontline is no longer geographic. A new type of frontline has emerged that is digital. Staff at an organisation’s headquarters who work with eyewitness media do so daily and often see more horror on a daily basis compared to their counterparts deployed in the field. Consequently, organisations have a duty of care towards office based staff working on the digital frontline who are at serious risk of vicarious trauma and PTSD [...] " (Executive summary, page 3-5) more

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Headlines from the Holy Land: Reporting the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

James Rodgers

New York: Palgrave Macmillan (2015), x, 215 pp.

"Tied by history, politics, and faith to all corners of the globe, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict fascinates and infuriates people across the world. Based on new archive research and original interviews, Headlines from the Holy Land explains why this fiercely contested region exerts such a pull ov ... more

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The Pentagon, Information Operations, and International Media Development

Peter Cary

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2015), 18 pp.

"The U.S. Defense Department has long had an uneasy relationship with independent mediaOn the one hand, it needs the trusted voice of media to portray U.S. military activities in a positive light, both to maintain the support of citizens at home and to help fight its battles abroad. And to the exten ... more

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Customary Law and Media Regulation in Conflict and Post-Conflict States

Nicole Stremlau

In: Routledge Handbook of Media Law

Monroe E. Price; Stefaan Verhulst; Libby Morgan (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2015), pp. 237-252

"In the process of drafting new media laws for states emerging from violent confl ict, or transitioning towards more democratic governments, the role of customary law is often overlooked. While “best practices” or international standards draw on widely accepted norms of international human right ... more

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Comunicación, conflictos y cambio social = Comunicação, conflitos e transformação social

Alex Iván Arévalo Salinas, Ivanzo Amador, Raquel Cabral (eds.)

Bauru (SP); Temuco; Madrid: Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP);Universitat Jaume I de Castellón;Universidad de la Frontera;Coordinadora de ONG para el Desarrollo (2015), 345 pp.

"Este libro nace como una propuesta que busca dar visibilidad a una serie de iniciativas sociales e investigaciones enmarcadas en el ámbito de la comunicación, los conflictos y el cambio social, que en ocasiones no tienen los espacios ni la cobertura necesaria en los contextos académicos. Su obje ... more

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Media Reporting of War Crimes Trials and Civil Society Responses in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone

Abou Bhakarr M. Binneh-Kamara

University of Bedfordshire, Doctoral Thesis (2015), x, 301 pp.

"This study, which seeks to contribute to the shared-body of knowledge on media and war crimes jurisprudence, gauges the impact of the media’s coverage of the Civil Defence Forces (CDF) and Charles Taylor trials conducted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) on the functionality of civil s ... more

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Communication and Peace: Understanding the Nature of Texts as a Way to Resolve Conceptual Differences in the Emerging Field

Saumava Mitra

Global Media and Communication, volume 11, issue 3 (2015), pp. 1-14

"Using the chapters of the edited volume Communication and Peace: Mapping an Emerging Field, the article points out the shared interpretative repertoires of the contributions to build a broader case for commonalities within the diverse field of communication-related disciplines and practices, which ... more

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The Dynamics of Mediatized Conflicts

Mikkel Fugl Eskjær, Stig Hjarvard, Mette Mortensen (eds.)

New York et al.: Peter Lang (2015), 221 pp.

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Building Peace Through Social Change Communication: Participatory Video in Conflict-Affected Communities

Valentina Baú

Community Development Journal, volume 50, issue 1 (2015), pp. 121-137

"This paper draws on the experience of conducting participatory video in the Rift Valley of Kenya after the 2007–2008 post-election crisis, when the country underwent a period of intense ethnic violence. By linking development communication to conflict transformation theory, this article offers a ... more

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Impact Evaluation of Peace Through Development II (P-DEV II): Radio Programming in Chad and Niger

Steven E. Finkel, Reynaldo T. Rojo-Mendoza, Cassilde L. Schwartz, Chris A. Belasco, Anne Kreft

Washington, DC: USAID (2015), 48 pp.

"This document is a report on the radio component of Peace through Development II (P-DEV II), a multi-year development program funded by the United States Agency for International Development/West Africa (USAID/WA), whose main goal is to counter violent extremism in Chad, Niger, and Burkina Faso. P- ... DEV II has four strategic objectives: 1) empower youth; 2) increase moderate voices; 3) increase the capacity of civil society; and 4) strengthen local government [...] Part of P-DEV II efforts are concentrated on building the capacity of local radio stations to produce and broadcast content by providing them with equipment, technical assistance, and training of their staff. In Chad, training and equipment upgrades to partner radio stations led to the production and broadcasting of the series Dabalaye (The Meeting Place), a governance radio program, and Chabab Al Haye (Youth Alive), a program targeting youth. In Niger, local radio station capacity building led to the production and broadcasting of the series Sada Zumunci (Solidarity), a governance radio program, and Gwadaben Matasa (Youth Boulevard), a youth program. This report presents an assessment of P-DEV II radio programming in relation to its strategic objectives and stated goals by evaluating the impact of radio broadcasts among youth (ages 15-30) in selected radio-only zones (non-core) in Chad and Niger [...] P-DEV II radio programming had positive effects on interaction with people from other ethnicities in Chad, but no impact in Niger. The impact of radio listenership on interpersonal and institutional trust is mixed. In Chad, positive effects on trust in local government, central government and in religious leaders were found, but radio listenership had a negative effect on interpersonal trust. In Niger, listenership had positive effects on trust in local government and in religious leaders, but a negative effect on trust in the police. There are relatively strong positive effects of P-DEV II radio programming on the perception that other ethnic groups and youth participate in decision-making in Chad. In Niger, by contrast, negative effects were found on the perception that women and the respondent’s own ethnic group are involved in decision-making." (Executive summary, page 2-3) more

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Filtering revolution: Reporting bias in international newspaper coverage of the Libyan civil war

Matthew A. Baum, Yuri M. Zhukov

Journal of Peace Research, volume 52, issue 3 (2015), pp. 384-400

"Reporting bias – the media's tendency to systematically underreport or overreport certain types of events – is a persistent problem for participants and observers of armed conflict. We argue that the nature of reporting bias depends on how news organizations navigate the political context in wh ... more

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Influencing the Information Domain: The United Nations’ Information Intervention in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Jacob Udo-Udo Jacob

In: Racism, Ethnicity and the Media in Africa: Mediating Conflict in the Twenty-First Century

Winston Mano (ed.)

London: Tauris (2015), pp. 178-198

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Afghanistan’s Fourth Estate: Independent Media

Ann J. Procter

Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace (USIP) (2015), 4 pp.

"Over the last decade, Afghanistan has experienced the rise of a robust media sector. Programming fills the airwaves with everything from news to comedy, open debate to open audition, soap operas to police dramas to ABCs. Journalists, however, operate in a climate of fear and insecurity, under threa ... more

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Community Information Flows to Reduce Inter-Comunal Violence in Burma

Emily Speers Mears

Search for Common Ground (2015), 71 pp.

World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: Special Digital Focus 2015 Top Insights

World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: Special Digital Focus 2015
Top Insights