"Although extensive research has been conducted into the role of the media in fighting corruption, media organisations and journalists themselves are not immune to it. The issue of corruption in the media remains understudied and has thus far mainly focused on case-studies of specific countries char
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acterised by corruption as a core societal characteristic, as well as of under-developed and developing countries. This study focuses on the issue of media corruption in Europe, based on a comparative analysis between countries of the South and North, investigating the impact of the global economic crisis on media corruption. The research presents clear evidence of increased indications of media corruption in the North of Europe in comparison to the media systems of the European South, the area most affected by the global economic crisis." (Abstract)
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"The courageous acts of whistleblowing that inspired the world over the past few years have changed our perception of surveillance and control in today's information society. But what are the wider effects of whistleblowing as an act of dissent on politics, society, and the arts? How does it contrib
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ute to new courses of action, digital tools, and contents? This urgent intervention based on the work of Berlin's Disruption Network Lab examines this growing phenomenon, offering interdisciplinary pathways to empower the public by investigating whistleblowing as a developing political practice that has the ability to provoke change from within." (Publisher description)
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"The RTI Act is considered the mother of all anti-corruption tools in Ghana. It is expected that citizens will utilize the law to access public information thereby engendering transparency and accountability in governance. Again, that active information disclosure by government and public institutio
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ns will help in the fight against corruption. However, since the passage of the law, awareness and uptake of the law by citizens including journalists has been quite low. Thus, as part of efforts to increase the knowledge of the law among journalists and how it can be utilized to help fight corruption in Ghana, the Media Foundation for West Africa (MFWA) with support from the Deutche Welle Akademie on June 17, 2021 convened a forum of journalists, lawyers, anti-corruption CSOs, journalists’ groups/associations and members of the RTI Commission on the theme Investigative Journalism, the RTI Law and the Fight Against Corruption in Ghana. This Publication presents key Reflections and Recommendations from stakeholders at the forum." (Background, page 2)
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"Citizen monitoring, social audits, mobile-based feedback systems, procurement monitoring: These are just a few examples of so-called citizen-centred accountability (CCA) mechanisms which governments and civil society organisations have developed to encourage citizens to feedback on the services the
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y are entitled to and ultimately hold them to account. As one organisation active in this field, Integrity Action has a particular interest in learning more about how these kinds of CCA systems can be designed so that they have the greatest chance of being sustained. In order to address this question, we carried out a comprehensive literature scan, 25 semi-structured interviews with experts and practitioners from civil society and government and an online snap survey with 70 respondents. This report shares what we discovered through that learning journey." (Executive summary)
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"There are three imperatives for advancing whistleblower protection: (1) to draft and enact comprehensive antiretaliation laws that reflect global best practices by learning from and acting on mistakes or omissions in less sophisticated pioneer laws; (2) to turn paper rights into reality by ensuring
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laws are used and implemented as intended; and (3) to improve the development of and access to technologies that facilitate confidential reporting of misconduct to protect the privacy of whistleblowers and their families [...] I n this report, we examine the strength of national whistleblower laws on paper, comparing their provisions to global best practices. We then review their track records to assess whether they are in fact making a difference. To test the effectiveness of whistleblower laws, we explored whether whistleblowers utilised the laws and the win-loss rates. The results, as detailed in the findings section, suggest that in many of the 37 countries we examined, the effectiveness of national whistleblower laws appears questionable due to a lack of public access to case decisions and data on settlement agreements, a lack of utilisation of the laws for disputes, a poor success rate for whistleblowers and meagre compensation for the few whistleblowers who prevail." (Abstract)
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"This article shows how Information and Communication Technology (ICT), incorporating social media, can lead to accountability and transparency in a government's budget. Specifically, it examined how a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) used ICT to foster citizenship engagement in the Nigerian gove
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rnment budgetary process. The article, using abductive reasoning, presents four citizen empowerment stages and four social marketing transition stages through which government budget transparency can be improved and corruption reduced. A model was also inferred that can help lessen the exclusivity around the government budget to encourage dialog and openness around the government budget in similar contexts. Furthermore, this article shows that the social transformative role for NGOs using ICT to increase government budget transparency and reduce corruption is a process that happens over time." (Abstract)
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"Money Trail was a collaborative project between highly regarded journalism and training organizations: Finance Uncovered, Free Press Unlimited, Journalismfund.eu and Oxfam Novib. This final report showcases the ground-breaking stories, achievements, and activities of the project for the entire dura
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tion from April 2018 –September 2021." (Page 2)
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"This rapid literature review concentrates on the role of communications activity (including communications campaigns and media relations in contributing to the reduction of corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa. The review also determines if there are any evidence-based examples on the impact of communi
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cations (campaigns or related activities) on reducing corruption. Subsidiary questions in the review are to determine if the there are any lessons learned from using specific types of communication activity; the types of corrupt practices that communications activity can help to reduce and, if there are any effective communication tools for reducing corruption. Findings of the review show that there is evidence that communication campaigns have an impact on corruption through reducing bribery and promoting reporting of corruption. However, further research is needed to confirm the sustainability of the impact of such campaigns and interventions. The review also suggests that many of the communication interventions that address corruption are initiated by civil society and some of these are undertaken in collaboration with governments." (Summary)
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"In 2019, the European Union adopted the “Directive (EU) 2019/1937 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2019 on the protection of persons who report breaches of Union law” (Whistleblower Protection Directive). EU Member States are required to transpose the provisions of th
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e Directive into national law by 17 December 2021. This is an opportunity for all EU countries to bring their national legal framework on whistleblower protection in line with international standards and best practice. The Directive contains many advanced provisions, such as the obligations for a wide range of entities to establish internal whistleblowing mechanisms, to follow up on reports and to keep the whistleblower informed. However, it also has some significant gaps [...] It is important therefore that EU Member States adopt national legislation on whistleblower protection that not only meets the minimum standards of the Directive but that also goes beyond the Directive, to meet international standards and best practice. As such, this methodology is designed to enable assessment of national legislation on whistleblower protection against both the minimum standards set by the EU Directive and best practice." (Introduction, page 3)
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"Journalism and journalists face a growing range of threats, including violence and harassment; the misuse of defamation and other laws against them, and restrictive measures on freedom of information and expression adopted in response to the Covid-19 crisis. States must ensure a safe and favourable
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environment for journalists to perform their public watchdog function. This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, examines the overall chilling effect of crimes and threats against journalists and explores various regulatory and other measures to counter them." (Abstract)
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"In sub-Saharan Africa, the private media are often considered corrupt and thus incapable of performing critical watchdog functions. Using the Ghanaian case, the objective of this study is to examine how the private media contribute to exposing political corruption and demanding accountability. Base
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d on the media-as-a-watchdog theory and on primary and secondary data, this article argues that private media outlets make significant contributions to the fight against political corruption. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were used to collect primary data in Ghana. Relevant secondary data from media reports and scholarly work supplement the primary data. The research findings show that Ghanaian private media address political corruption through investigative reporting, agenda-setting, providing a forum for anti-corruption discussions, and acting as a pressure group for institutional and legal reforms as well as political accountability. This article thus questions the popular claim that in sub-Saharan Africa, the private media cannot contribute meaningfully to combatting corruption involving influential political actors. Policy and future research implications are presented in the conclusions." (Abstract)
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"The paper argues that journalists' perceptions of their role in challenging corruption and developing democracy will give us some insight into Iraq's "crisis of democracy". The theory of democratic participation focuses on the centrality of media and communication institutions, founded on the princ
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iple of social responsibility and particularly prevalent in capitalist countries. "Democratic participation" reflects the definition of freedom from the democratic and parliamentary systems that have become influential in this age (Wolinetz 2012). This argument is considered by a free press as a failure due to its subordination to a centralized government and owners of capital. Building from corruption reports, public opinion polls, and popular demonstrations, this study will reveal journalists' perceptions of their roles in covering corruption and democracy, investigating whether corrupt political parties and corrupt capitalists control the political system. Democracy in Iraq has created new uncertainties, especially as it is a society without experience with political pluralism. The political transition created civil violence and civil war in 2006." (Theoretical framework, page 2-3)
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"The chapter offers an overview of the relationship between media and corruption. In a critical review of literature on the role of journalism in curbing corruption, different models and mechanisms are outlined. By presenting numerous studies, it is argued that press freedom helps to reduce corrupti
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on, and action should be taken in favour of policies for information accessibility, protection of journalists and media independence. The issue of media capture, and how corrupt environments influence the structure and role of news media, is also considered. A section is dedicated to how media contribute to the social construction of corruption: case studies from multiple countries are compared, showing how corruption is framed in different contexts. Finally, directions for future research are suggested, including further theoretical elaboration on the relationship between media framing and public policies in relation to corruption, and research on the role of ICT in relation to journalism and corruption." (Abstract)
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"Certain political moments create new possibilities for progress on anticorruption: we call these moments “windows of opportunity.” The actions needed to pass reforms and combat corruption during a window will be highly contingent on the political context and history of how the window opened. In
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-country reformers, whether in government or civil society, are best placed to navigate those dynamics. However, as many international organizations might aim to help them in those moments, it is useful to have an understanding of the types of support—learning-related and otherwise—in-country reformers might need." (Executive summary)
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"The contradiction between the encouraging regulations and increasing awareness on one side and the disappointing reality on the other side leads us in this article to the question, how we can develop a more realistic and effective way to reduce corruption than by this double moral standard of nice
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anticorruption declarations and continuation of corrupt practices.
For faith-based persons and institutions, double morality is not a solution because it undermines the integrity and credibility of a person or institution and is a lack of honesty towards God and society. The authors of this paper are intensively engaged in trainings of Christian entrepreneurs in China. They are seriously searching for solutions to implement their Christian values in their companies, business, family and responsibility in society. Within the Christian Executive MBA (CEMBA) classes, offered by the Kingdom Business College in Beijing and Shenyang in China, the authors started a process to find practical and honest solutions for ethical dilemmas around corruption.
From a Christian perspective, all human beings are sinners because they cannot implement God’s will at every moment. The gap between good intention and real action is the fundamental characteristic of human beings. Otherwise, we human beings would be God where will and action are inseparably united. But Christian faith also teaches us that human beings cannot and must not be perfect. That’s the reason why, especially in Protestant faith, salvation cannot be reached by good action but only by the grace of God. Therefore, liberated from the constant fear of failing vis-à-vis God and being condemned, believers are liberated to try the best to improve ethical behaviour. Human beings remain sinners, but can become “better sinners”. This is the approach we try to develop in this booklet. Corruption cannot be justified. Some people can immediately live without corruption. The others we encourage for an honest, realistic, step-by-step approach to reduce and finally overcome corruption." (Introduction, pages 5-6)
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"Consideration of social norms is a key component missing from many anti-corruption efforts, and we believe this absence partially explains the difficulty the sector has experienced in stimulating lasting behavior change away from corrupt practices. This is particularly true in fragile and conflict-
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affected states. Yet they are often overlooked in efforts to understand why corrupt patterns of behavior (regardless of the form) exist and why they are so resilient to intervention. Social norms are the mutual expectations held by members of a group about the right way to behave in a particular situation. They matter tremendously to the choices an individual makes about how to behave in certain situations because people want to be liked and to belong. We often follow prevailing group behaviors to gain or avoid losing social appreciation, respect, and acceptance. Whether a corrupt act is supported by mutual expectations within a group will influence an individual’s choice to participate in or resist the corrupt practice in a particular context. The desire to belong and behave “correctly” may lead the individual to engage in corruption, even if he or she believes corruption is wrong and that people should act with integrity. The importance of belonging can override contrary attitudes, morals, and even the prospect of legal penalties, particularly in fragile states where uncertainty and insecurity prevail and one’s social connections are key to survival." (Introduction, page 8-9)
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"From 2008 to 2010, 3.6 million Brazilians took part in the “Ficha Limpa” movement to impact political corruption by ensuring that anyone who runs for office has a “clean record.” This case study on the combination of a grassroots social movement paired with the Avaaz global web movement’s
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use of social media holds important lessons for civil society. Nonviolent “digital resistance” in Brazil shifted power relations and translated into real-world actions and outcomes." (Abstract)
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