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Russian information operations outside of the Western information environment
Riga: NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, Rev. version (2025), 184 pp.
"This report, drawing from research, qualitative and quantitative data, Key Insight Interviews (KIIs), digital tools, and Russian information and deception doctrine, explores the Kremlin’s IIOs in non-Western environments using five selected countries as case studies: Egypt, Mali, Kenya, South Afr
...
What makes audiences resilient to disinformation? Integrating micro, meso, and macro factors based on a systematic literature review
Communications, volume 50, issue 2 (2025), pp. 534-555
"Despite increased attention since 2015, there is little consensus on why audiences believe or share disinformation. In our study, we propose a shift in analytical perspective by applying the concept of resilience. Through a systematic literature review (n = 95), we identify factors that have been
...
When Fact-Checking Is Not WEIRD: Negotiating Consensus Outside Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic Countries
International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 30, issue 1 (2025), pp. 256-276
"This study unpacks the emerging framework of detection, verification, and correction of falsehoods developed by fact-checkers outside Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic countries. We explore a series of semistructured interviews carried out in several languages with thirty-seve
...
Redefining objectivity: Exploring types of evidence by fact-checkers in four European countries
European Journal of Communication (2025), 21 pp.
"Fact-checking journalism challenges procedural norms of objectivity by providing truth verdicts. By actively evaluating statements and online rumors based on evidence weight, fact-checkers aim for robust, scientific objectivity. Despite this trend, there is a lack of studies analyzing evidence type
...
Donetsk Don’t Tell: ‘Hybrid War’ in Ukraine and the Limits of Social Media Influence Operations
Journal of Information Technology & Politics, volume 22, issue 1 (2025), pp. 49-64
"Many fear that social media enable more potent influence operations than traditional mass media. This belief is widely shared yet rarely tested. We challenge this emerging wisdom by comparing social media and television as vectors for influence operations targeting Ukraine. This article develops a
...
Information Ecosystems and Troubled Democracy: A Global Synthesis of the State of Knowledge on New Media, AI and Data Governance
Deep Insights
Paris: International Observatory on Information and Democracy (2025), xxxvi, 265 pp.
"This report is an invitation to grapple with the complex interplay between infrastructure, media systems, civil society, and public sector institutions. Our findings suggest that effective policy solutions must: acknowledge the historical, political, economic, and social forces that shape informati
...
Encrypted Messaging and Extreme Speech: Policy Directions
Munich: Ludwig-Maximilian Universität (LMU); Center for Digital Dignity (2025), 58 pp.
"The report highlights interventions in six main categories, namely: Platform governance; Mitigating digital influence operations; Supporting research; Strengthening fact-checking; Awareness raising and capacity building; Leveraging artificial intelligence responsibly. The recommendations highlight
...
Countering Misinformation in Political Reporting: Enhancing Journalistic Legitimacy
Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (2025), 200 pp.
"This book examines how journalists should deal with the growing tide of political disinformation and public scepticism towards news media. Informed by the latest research from the UK and around the world, the book draws on a series of UK-based studies over a six-year period between 2019-2024, syste
...
Governing Misinformation in Everyday Knowledge Commons
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2025), xiv, 278 pp.
"Governing Misinformation in Everyday Knowledge Commons delves into the complex issue of misinformation in our daily lives. The book synthesizes three scholarly traditions - everyday life, misinformation, and governing knowledge commons - to present 10 case studies of online and offline communities
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Trust, personality, and belief as determinants of the organic reach of political disinformation on social media
Social Science Journal, volume 62, issue 3 (2025), pp. 633-644
"False political information spreads far and fast across social media, with negative consequences for society. Individual users play a key role in sharing such material, extending its range through the phenomenon of organic reach. An online experiment tested the hypotheses that higher trust in the s
...
International Disinformation: A Handbook for Analysis and Response
Deep Insights
Leiden: Brill (2025), vii, 283 pp.
"Dive into the world of disinformation with this groundbreaking book. Uncover how Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference (FIMI) shapes modern politics and society, and how it impacts your own life. Explore answers to key questions: What are the origins and characteristics of disinformatio
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How effective are fact-checks in Pakistan and who engages with them?
Information, Communication & Society (2025), 23 pp.
"For fact-checks to be effective, they must first and foremost reach their intended audience. Yet, little is known about what determines engagement with fact-checks and how to enhance their reach. We conducted a pre-registered online survey experiment in Pakistan (N participants = 302, N observation
...
Desinformación, periodismo y democracia
La Paz: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) (2025), 31 pp.
Disarming disinformation in the media: What works, what doesn't and why
Cambridge: Thomson Foundation (2025), 4 pp.
Psychological Defence and Information Influence: A Textbook on Theory and Practice
Karlstad: Psychological Defence Agency (2025), 257 pp.
"In an age defined by rapid information flows and shifting security landscapes, the resilience of societies rests not only on military strength or technological capacity, but equally on the ability of individuals and institutions to withstand psychological influence and manipulation. Psychological d
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Digital occupation: Pro-Russian bot networks target Ukraine’s occupied territories on Telegram
Atlantic Council, July 16 (2025)
"This joint report from OpenMinds and the Digital Forensic Research Lab (DFRLab) analyzes the activity of a network of 3,634 automated accounts that posted pro-Russian comments on Telegram channels between January 2024 and April 2025 targeting Ukrainian populations inside Russian-occupied territorie
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Recommendation of the Council on Information Integrity
Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2025), 17 pp.
"The Recommendation on Information Integrity was adopted by the OECD Council on 17 December 2024 on the proposal of the Public Governance Committee (PGC). The Recommendation aims to establish a wide-ranging and applicable policy framework for Adherents to address threats posed by information manipul
...
