"Formal journalism ethics, as laid out in codes of ethics by journalism associations and the like, is part of a wider debate on media ethics that has been triggered in the Middle East due to the advent of global media in the region. This study compares journalism codes from Europe and the Islamic wo
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rld in order to revisit the widespread academic assumption of a deep divide between Western and Oriental philosophies of journalism that has played a role in many debates on political communication in the area. The analysis shows that there is a broad intercultural consensus that standards of truth and objectivity should be central values of journalism. Norms protecting the private sphere are, in fact, more pronounced in countries of the Near and Middle East, North Africa, and in the majority of Muslim states in Asia than is generally the case in Europe, although the weighing of privacy protection against the public's right to information is today a component of most journalistic codes of behavior in Islamic countries. Obvious differences between the West and many Islamic countries are to be found in the status accorded to freedom of expression. Although ideas of freedom have entered formal media ethics in the Middle East and the Islamic world, only a minority of documents limit the interference into freedom to cases where other fundamental rights (e.g., privacy) are touched, whereas the majority would have journalists accept political, national, religious, or cultural boundaries to their work. Despite existing differences between Western and Middle Eastern/Islamic journalism ethics and in contrast to the overall neoconservative (Islamist) trends in societal norms, formal journalism ethics has been a sphere of growing universalization throughout the last decades." (Abstract)
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"For decades, since the debate about the role of the media in post-colonial Africa emerged, a distorted interpretation of the meaning of ‘respect’ in the African cultural context has persisted in academic discourse to the present day. The distorted view suggests that according to traditional Afr
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ican beliefs it is disrespectful to criticise authoritative figures. On this basis, in some African countries journalism students have opposed criticism of heads of states, arguing that it is un-African to do so. On the other hand, journalism academics and practitioners have condemned and dismissed the concept of ‘respect’ in African culture as undemocratic and inimical to the role of journalism as a tool for democracy. This article argues that a critical examination of the concept of ‘respect’ in the African cultural context reveals that historically, in traditional Africa, ‘respect’ was not equated to obsequiousness by the citizens in their encounter with power. Sycophancy and submission in the face of power were invoked in the name of a falsified version of African culture by postcolonial power-hungry dictators, who sought to entrench themselves by distorting African culture for self-serving purposes." (Abstract)
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"The study identifies and analyses two types of citizen journalism: non-institutional and institutional. Exploratory in nature, the study is underpinned by four specific objectives, namely to: analyse the social context of the practice of citizen journalism in Africa; assess the technological basis
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of citizen journalism, especially the processes by which new information and communication technologies (ICTs) shape, and become shaped by, human attempts at citizen journalism; ascertain the level of uptake of citizen journalism by conventional media, as a way of establishing how citizen journalism becomes institutionalised in the process of adoption; and evaluate the democratic value of citizen journalism, as a way of appreciating the possible transformative power of citizen journalists. The overall aim of the study is to make sense of the democratic premium that initiators of various non-institutional and institutional citizen journalism projects place on the phenomenon. As such, this is an ethnographic study that seeks to tease out people’s experiences of the practice of citizen journalism." (Back cover)
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"Tens of thousands of citizen journalists around the world are discovering and developing a wide variety of ways to get the news out about what is happening in their communities, states and nations. They are using all the latest tools of technology to write all kinds of news. With these new tools, t
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hey watchdog government, enlighten citizens, photograph and video events, tip news agencies, create graphs, charts and cartoons, use their expertise, and tell stories. This grassroots journalism movement is worldwide and gains in popularity and influence with every new website that goes online, every blog that is created and with each digital photo or video that is uploaded. Citizen journalists are doing this for two reasons: because they care and because they can. They care about what is happening in their communities and they are armed with inexpensive and easy-to-operate tools that make it possible to reach their town and even the world with a couple of clicks of a mouse. Their work is varied in kind, quality and usefulness; nevertheless, it is changing the way the world gets its information. We are calling for one million citizen journalists around the world - in communities large and small - to step forward and fill the gap left by fading newspapers and weakening local broadcast news teams." (Introduction, page 12-13)
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"With all the organized efforts to support media development and defend press freedom around the world, there has been remarkably little done in any concerted way to reduce the problem of corrupt journalism", states this report. Ristow proposes that international journalism organizations should issu
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e regular reports documenting instances in which journalists have received, or extorted, payment for news as a clear sign of acknowledging this "dark side" of the profession and take the lead in documenting, and publicizing, the pay levels of journalists around the world. Media development organizations should sharpen their focus on ethics training and support the creation and nurture of media accountability systems such as ombudsmen. News media owners, managers, and editors should adopt, publicize, and then stick to a firm policy of zero tolerance for any form of cash for news coverage - from simple "facilitation" payments to reporters to paid ads masquerading as objective news -, review pay policies and take the initiative in creating accountability systems on their own." (commbox)
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"Mochtar Lubis was one of Indonesia's best-known newspaper editors, authors and cultural figures, with a national, regional and international prominence that he retained from the early 1950s until his recent death in 2004. This book traces the major events in the life of Mochtar Lubis, which is also
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a prism through which much of Indonesia's post-independence history can be interpreted. This book is also the story of Indonesia in the second half of the twentieth century, when the people of the archipelago became an independent nation, and when print media and the influential figures who controlled and produced newspapers, played a pivotal role in national political, educational and cultural life, defining Indonesia. Editors with strong personalities dominated the industry and sparred with the nation's leadership; Lubis was a vocal critic of the abuse of power and a thorn in the side of the country's first two presidents, becoming synonymous with combative journalism. Under both Sukarno and Suharto, Lubis had his newspaper closed down and was imprisoned. As the only comprehensive biography of this towering figure, the book provides a unique insight into the history and development of media, literature and the political system in Indonesia." (Publisher description)
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"In July 2010, World Journalism Education Council gathered more than 400 journalism educators from about 50 countries for the second World Journalism Education Congress in South Africa. There was broad recognition that social media has become a major force in the field that cannot be marginalized an
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d that Africa has become a world-class incubator for media innovation. At the August meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Eric Newton carried these ideas a step farther, laying out the “four transformations” for U.S. journalism programs. Journalism schools are: 1. Becoming better connected to other university disciplines and departments, expanding the definition of what it means to be a journalist; 2. Playing an increasing role as content and technology innovators; 3. Emerging as promoters of collaborative, open approaches and models; 4. Becoming news providers that understand the ecosystem of their communities. In the digital age, journalism schools are trying to engage more deeply with the people we used to call the audience. These transformations are even more urgently required in the field of media development. In the future, media development projects will originate in an ever-widening pool of university departments. These will include law, public health, library science, computer science, international relations, visual design, and even architecture and urban planning, where striking advances in mapping applications are taking place. Nonetheless, programs that specialize in data will also require skills from the traditional journalism toolkit: verification, story-telling ability, and contextualization. Academia could be an ideal setting for this exchange of ideas, a meeting place between core values and technological innovation. Universities could also provide a space for frank discussion about the limitations of technology and the means to discern when new technologies offer concrete benefits to the user and when they constitute a distraction. These questions are even more critical in resource-poor societies in the developing world. To achieve these ends, more coordination is needed, both within and among universities, to serve as a critical bridge–between North and South, between technologists and humanists, between social media and traditional journalism." (Conclusion, page 23)
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"Les conflits qui ont ravagé la région des Grands Lacs durant la décennie 1990 ont été tellement interconnectés que certains analystes n’ont pas hésité à parler d’une « première guerre mondiale africaine ». Pourtant, alors que la guerre a été régionale, elle a longtemps maintenu l
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es journalistes enclavés dans leur perspective nationale et a empêché les professionnels de l’information de s’ouvrir aux points de vue les uns des autres. Aujourd’hui, alors que la paix s’installe progressivement et que les tensions entre les différents pays paraissent s’apaiser, les médias de la région sont des acteurs cruciaux du processus de réconciliation. En tant qu’informateurs des citoyens et formateurs de la mémoire collective, ils peuvent contribuer à l’élimination de la méfiance et de la haine, à la lutte contre la rumeur et la désinformation, ce qui est tout à fait capital pour que les populations d’Afrique centrale puissent débattre ensemble de leur destin commun. La présente étude tente de faire le point sur la manière donc les médias issus des trois pays (Burundi, RDC et Rwanda) couvrent les enjeux de la région. Les médias accordent-ils beaucoup d’attention à ce qui se passe dans les deux pays voisins ? Abordent-ils des thématiques d’intérêt régional ? Donnent-ils la parole à leurs voisins congolais, burundais et rwandais lorsqu’il s’agit de commenter les événements qui se déroulent dans les Grands Lacs ? Contribuent-ils à générer la méfiance et les malentendus entre les communautés de la région, ou maintiennent-ils les populations dans l’ignorance les unes des autres ? Pour apporter des éléments de réponse à ces questions, cette étude se fonde sur une opération de suivi et d’analyse des contenus d’information diffusés, durant un mois, par une trentaine de médias burundais, congolais et rwandais." (Dos de couverture)
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"The traditional disaster-response system employed by relief actors in Haiti concentrated on enabling information-sharing among teams of responders from the international community. This system lacked the ability to aggregate and prioritize data that came from outside sources, making it difficult to
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benefit from valuable information coming from the Haitian community. Ushahidi, an open-source crisis-mapping software first developed and used in Kenya, provided a way to capture, organize, and share critical information coming directly from Haitians. Information was gathered through social media (e.g., blogs, Twitter, and Facebook) and text messages sent via mobile phones. Reports about trapped persons, medical emergencies, and specific needs, such as food, water, and shelter, were received and plotted on maps that were updated in real time by an international group of volunteers. These reports, and associated geographic information, were available to anyone with an Internet connection. Responders on the ground soon began to use them in determining how, when, and where to direct resources. The most significant challenges arose in verifying and triaging the large volume of reports received. Ad hoc but sufficient solutions were found that involved the manual monitoring and sorting of information. The Ushahidi-Haiti Project demonstrated the potential of crowdsourced maps for targeted disaster response, providing a useful foundational model for the international community to leverage and improve upon in advance of future emergencies." (Summary)
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"Telefones celulares, tablets, internet. Com a presença a cada dia mais freqüente de dispositivos multitarefa no cotidiano do público, os meios de comunicação são levados a revisar sua estrutura, suas rotinas e suas estratégias para alcançar o ouvinte. É desta mudança que trata Debora Cris
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tina Lopez no livro “Radiojornalismo hipermidiático: tendências e perspectivas do jornalismo de rádio all news brasileiro em um contexto de convergência tecnológica”. Trata-se de uma análise a partir da convergência jornalística e da perspectiva tecnológica, que busca apontar tendências e perspectivas para o novo rádio. A observação da autora, que analisa emissoras all news brasileiras, se insere no contexto da revolução que afeta o rádio contemporâneo. Ele já não é mais um meio de comunicação monomídia, mas utiliza linguagem multimídia, dispositivos multiplataforma e novos formatos para o jornalismo. E neste cenário se apresenta o rádio hipermidiático, de perspectiva multimídia, queé pensado para uma nova realidade e um novo perfil de audiência, e que traz desafios constantes e mutáveis para a rotina do jornalista." (Sinopse)
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"[...] este documento [...] busca aportar varias reflexiones al periodismo de investigación impactado por la era digital, en un contexto como el latinoamericano. Las incógnitas y los desafíos que yacen en este reto se presentan en las siguientes páginas, a través de ejemplos mundiales y latinoa
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mericanos. El texto considera las bases mismas del oficio, el contexto en el que este se desarrolla y la manera en que periodistas en diversos puntos del globo han entendido la innovación de las tecnologías recientes para potenciar su forma de ver el mundo, su forma de hacer reportería y de relacionarse con las audiencias. Las ideas presentadas en este manual buscan servir de aporte, siendo conscientes de que apenas nos encontramos en los albores de la era digital y es mucho lo que falta por recorrer. Es fácil predecir que en ese camino se decantarán muchas cosas que hoy son fascinantes. Con el tiempo, algunas de ellas se verán como obsoletas. Es por eso que la apuesta conceptual de este documento es por aquellos aspectos que como resultado de la era digital ya están generando cambios en la forma como se hace el periodismo, prácticas que a juzgar por sus tempranos resultados, ya están generando una identidad de lo que será el periodismo en este milenio." (Introducción)
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"Picking up where the IPI Report series left off in 2000, “Brave News Worlds” explores what the next 10 years hold for the news and journalism industry and offers insight into how journalists and non-journalists alike can take advantage of changes in the media and technology to make the future o
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f news a bright one." (Preface)
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"This paper provides a practical overview of how an agency may work with the media to win the support of the public in the fight against corruption. The first part explains why anti-corruption agencies need to take the media particularly seriously, how the media communicate, and what effects they ha
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ve on the public. Case studies illustrate all of these points—showing, for instance, how the media can distort the reality of corruption by following their own preformed perceptions of a corruption case. Government agencies can set things straight only by providing sufficient and clear information, and by working closely with the media to ensure the message is accurate.
The second part of the paper focuses on the role of public opinion in the fight against corruption. Public opinion can be a powerful tool in promoting an agency’s work—or in bringing about its downfall. If citizens misunderstand the issue, they are unlikely to support the fight against corruption. But if public opinion is in favor of an anti-corruption agency the people are able to change their country’s culture. The media can shape public opinion and, most of all, change norms about corruption. Here is an example: Communication campaigns can show that it not only is illegal to pay bribes to public officials, but also is immoral and does real harm to the community. This message can encourage the public to change the expectation of bribes and to resist demands for them—one more step in the fight against corruption. In India, for instance, anti-corruption efforts led to the printing of the “zero-rupee” note with a picture of Gandhi on its face. These notes were given to bribe seekers to shame them.
In the context of public opinion, it also is important that anti-corruption agencies understand the role of journalism and the conditions under which journalists work. Their reporting directly influences the perceptions and opinions of the public. Because of economic and other pressures, journalists often tend to simplify or dramatize stories—and that can produce the wrong perceptions among their audiences. Again, this paper provides real-world stories that show the impact of journalism on public opinion." (Introduction, pages 1-3)
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