"Especially notable in the 2015 study is that most people access the internet on their phones rather than by laptop or desktop computers. That’s true in every country in our sample, except Egypt, where an ailing economy has slowed the adoption of new technologies common elsewhere in the region and most dramatically in the Gulf states of UAE and Qatar. In a few short years, people now spend more time on the internet than any other media, including the all-powerful television and radio (the most popular medium worldwide). The gap between the internet and other media grew from 2013 to 2015. Another dramatic change since 2013 is that the internet application WhatsApp has soared in use as some 93% of those in the study send direct messages to 84% who use e-mail, which is clearly losing ground." (Introduction)

"The results for the Media Use in the Middle East, 2015 by Northwestern University in Qatar are based on N=6,093 face-to-face and telephone interviews across six countries, conducted under direction of Harris Poll, in conjunction with Pan Arab Research Center (PARC). The survey was conducted among the general population 18 years and older in six countries in the Middle East: Egypt, Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, and the UAE. All fieldwork was conducted between February 3 and March 9, 2015. This is the third wave of the Media Use in the Middle East survey. The 2015 survey replicated many of the questions included in the 2013 survey; longitudinal comparisons are provided when applicable. The 2014 survey focused on entertainment media in the Middle East and is only referenced in a small number of questions." (Methodology, page 68)