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Contesting Copyright: A History of Intellectual Property in East Central Europe and the Balkans
Deep Insights

Augusta Dimou

New York: Central European University Press (2025), xxi, 481 pp.

"The creative sector, including the cultural industry, is key for today’s economy. Copyright has the capacity to x the roles and tasks of the actors involved and determine the direction of cash ows within this sector. The study of the evolution of copyright helps understand and adjust the regulati ... more

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From Crisis to Renewal: Addressing AI’s Impact on Our Information Ecosystem

Lena Maria Böswald, Roa Powell, Tyreese Calnan

Berlin: Interface – Tech Analysis and Policy Ideas for Europe (2025), 18 pp.

"AI-driven search-summary features, with Google's AI Overviews (AIOs) being the most promiment example, are rapidly transforming how people access news, with profound implications for our information ecosystem. While AI holds potential to improve access to information, its current deployment risks u ... ndermining the sustainability, diversity, and reliability of news. As AI summaries summarise information directly within search results, they can significantly reduce traffic to news publishers. Evidence suggests users are less likely to click through to original sources when AIOs are present on Google, threatening the financial viability of journalism. These impacts from AI summaries and AIOs in particular are unlikely to be evenly distributed and will play out in different ways across the news sector across Europe, with smaller and ad-funded outlets particularly vulnerable, raising concerns about declining media plurality. At the same time, AI-generated summaries often fail to provide accurate and diverse information. Research shows that AI tools disproportionately rely on a narrow set of sources, marginalising smaller publishers. In addition, persistent issues with accuracy – including misleading or incorrect outputs – risk distorting public understanding and weakening trust in information systems. Current regulatory frameworks in both the EU and UK are struggling to address these challenges effectively. While multiple legal instruments are relevant and already in place – including competition law, platform regulation, copyright, and AI governance – none are fully equipped to respond quickly and comprehensively to the harms of monopolisation and the lack of remuneration for media outlets posed by AI summaries. We argue that competition policy offers the most effective and immediate route to intervention, with digital regulation serving as a secondary lever. The UK’s approach, based on flexible, case-specific competition rules, enables faster action through tailored conduct requirements for dominant firms like Google. In contrast, the EU’s framework is broader but slower, relying more heavily on traditional, time-intensive antitrust investigations and ongoing debates around copyright and remuneration for publishers. Both systems offer complementary strengths, and policymakers should learn from each other’s approaches. We therefore recommend a “competition-first” policy package to ensure fairer outcomes. Key measures include enforcing fair ranking and attribution practices, preventing unauthorised use of publisher content, and potentially requiring platforms to compensate news organisations. However, competition policy alone is not the key. We therefore propose additional long-term interventions, including greater transparency through “nutrition labels” for AI-generated content and increased public or democratic funding for journalism. These measures aim to strengthen the resilience and independence of the news sector, ensuring that trustworthy information remains accessible in an information ecosystem shaped by AI." (Executive summary) more

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De Gruyter Handbook of Media Economics

Ulrike Rohn, M. Bjørn von Rimscha, Tim Raats (eds.)

Berlin: De Gruyter (2024), xix, 566 pp.

"The handbook presents key contributions from scholars worldwide, providing a comprehensive exploration of current trends in media industries from diverse perspectives. Within the framework of understanding contemporary and future trajectories in media markets and industries, the volume delves into ... more

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Sustaining Journalism, Sustaining Democracy: A Policy Guide on Platforms and the Press

Michael Karanicolas, Courtney Radsch, Akshat Agarwal, Nicholas Wilson

UCLA Information Policy Lab (2023), 68 pp.

"This publication considers the range of policy changes that have been tried or recommended by global regulators, assessing their impacts on press freedom and news media sustainability, with consideration for the risk of capture, and other potential tradeoffs of these interventions. It examines four ... more

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The Law of Global Digitality

Matthias C. Kettemann, Alexander Peukert, Indra Spiecker (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2022), xiii, 258 pp.

"The book compares six different areas of law that have been particularly exposed to global digitality, namely laws regulating consumer contracts, data protection, the media, financial markets, criminal activity and intellectual property law. Comparing how these very different areas of law have evol ... more

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Navigating Copyright for Libraries: Purpose and Scope

Jessica Coates, Victoria Owen, Susan Reilly (eds.)

Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Saur (2022), vii, 547 pp.

"This book, produced on behalf of the IFLA Copyright and other Legal Matters (CLM) Advisory Committee, provides basic and advanced information about copyright, outlines limitations and exceptions, discusses communicating with users and highlights emerging copyright issues. The chapters note the sign ... more

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Guía de derechos de autor: La protección de la creacion

Santiago de Chile: Ministerio de Culturas, las Artes y el Patrimonio, 2nd ed. (2020), 164 pp.

"La reedición y actualización de la presente guía sobre derechos de autor tiene por objeto apoyar en la difusión y conocimiento sobre la materia, la que muchas veces es difícil de abordar, no sólo para los artistas sino también para los expertos. Esperamos que el presente trabajo sea un aport ... more

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IPA Global Report on Copyright & Publishing

Vera Castanheira, Natalie Joy Marrer (eds.)

International Publishers Association (IPA) (2020), 257 pp.

"The first edition of the IPA Global Report on Copyright & Publishing aims to provide an overview of aspects of copyright law and policy in the 69 countries where IPA’s members are established, based on the issues that are most relevant to the publishing industry. The objective of this report is t ... more

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Digital Media Ethics

Charles Ess

Cambridge; Medford, MA: Polity Press, 3rd ed. (2020), xviii, 333 pp.

"This third edition has been thoroughly updated to incorporate the latest research and developments, including the rise of Big Data, AI, and the Internet of Things. The book's case studies and pedagogical material have also been extensively revised and updated to include such watershed events as the ... more

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The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Botswana

Patrick Malope et al.

Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO); Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis (BIDPA) (2019), vi, 64 pp.

"The results of the study indicate that copyright industries make a significant contribution to the national economy of Botswana. In 2016, these industries contributed 5.46 per cent to value added and 2.66 per cent to the total labor force; meanwhile, in foreign trade they contributed 1.28 per cent ... more

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Regulating Content on Social Media: Copyright, Terms of Service and Technological Features

Corinne Tan

London: UCL Press (2018), xi, 265 pp.

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Medienrecht: Lehrbuch des gesamten Medienrechts unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Presse, Rundfunk und Multimedia

Frank Fechner

Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 22., aktual. und erg. Aufl. (2018), xxxiv, 481 pp.

"Ein umfassender aktueller Überblick über das Medienrecht. Aufgrund der sich ständig und grundlegend ändernden Medienlandschaft und des sich wandelnden Medienrechts hat Frank Fechner in den letzten 20 Jahren sein Lehrbuch jedes Jahr überarbeitet und Gesetzesänderungen, Rechtsprechung und die e ... more

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Panorama de la gestión colectiva del derecho de autor y derechos conexos en Iberoamérica

Juan David Gómez Garavito, María Paulina Londoño Velásquez, Manuel Andrés Muñoz Roberto et al.

Bogotá: Centro Regional para el Fomento del Libro en América Latina y el Caribe (CERLALC) (2018), 102 pp.

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The Economic Contribution of Copyright Industries in the Republic of Ecuador

Pablo Cardoso

Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2017), 98 pp.

"The survey establishes that from 2010 to 2014, copyright industries in Ecuador experienced rapid growth and increased their share of GDP from 3.65 per cent to 4.47 per cent, or 3,116 million US dollars in monetary terms. In 2014, the creative sector generated 3.47 per cent of national employment (2 ... more

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European and International Media Law

Jan Oster

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2017), lxx, 583 pp.

"This book is the first to incorporate current academic literature on European, transnational, and international media law into a comprehensive overview intended primarily for students. It introduces the legal framework for globalised communication via mass media, and considers the transformative ef ... more

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Principios básicos del derecho de autor y los derechos conexos

Geneve: Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual (OMPI) (2016), 36 pp.

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A Journalist's Guide to Copyright Law and Eyewitness Media

Sam Dubberley

First Draft (2016), 52 pp.

"Eyewitness media (videos, photographs and audio clips captured by individuals at the scene of a news event) has become critical to how stories are discovered and reported. News organisations have used eyewitness media in the aftermath of nearly every major news event of the past decade1 and many ne ... wsrooms now have dedicated teams or specialists focused on the monitoring and verification of content shared online. Newsgathering on social media raises a wide range of questions: ethical questions around immediately contacting people who may have witnessed a truly tragic event; managerial questions around viewing pictures that could be deeply distressing; and legal questions around the right to use this content without infringing on copyright. The latter range of questions is the focus of this guide. Our goal is for readers to come away with an understanding of how copyright laws apply to eyewitness media and to highlight some of the pitfalls that news organisations should avoid when looking to use it in their reporting. [...] Although case law is limited, in this guide we will look at some cases that have been brought against news organisations and discuss how they may help us to understand what newsrooms can and cannot do when using eyewitness media. This guide is designed to give an overview of eyewitness media and copyright law regimes. We start by offering some thoughts about the use of eyewitness media by news organisations and the workflows that they need to follow before deciding to publish a piece of content. We show how these processes should actually help protect the copyright holder as well as allow news organisations to balance the need for speed with respect for the law. We look at some of the misconceptions around copyright in relation to the social media platforms and explore the dichotomy between digital news and analogue law — especially as platforms emerge that provide new opportunities. We then turn to specific countries and jurisdictions. We look at six legal regimes in some of the leading global news markets and discuss the challenges for news organisations headquartered in these countries. A review of each legal context is accompanied by short interviews with journalists and editors from major news organisations in each country to illustrate how they have attempted to address the need to use eyewitness media while also respecting copyright. An important discussion here is to compare the terms fair use and fair dealing. These terms are often used (and misused) as a defence for featuring an eyewitness photograph or video discovered on social media without copyright clearance. However, it’s important to understand that these terms present different legal considerations from country to country." (Introduction, pages 6-7) more