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Preparing to publish: How journalists negotiate content restrictions in semi-authoritarian states
International Communication Gazette, volume 85, issue 2 (2023), pp. 120-140
"Journalists act strategically in response to their political environments, using practices like self-censorship to avoid negative repercussions from powerful actors. But what does self-censorship look like in practice? Grounded in theories of policy response and media sociology, this study uses jou
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Can Journalists Be Safe in a Violent World?
Journalism Practice, volume 16, issue 9 (2022), pp. 1948-1954
"The safety of journalists is one of the most formidable challenges for press freedom and democracy around the world. The problem is the result of the juxtaposition of various forms of violence that break journalists’ sense of security and autonomy – the ability to control and decide the paramet
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External Interference in a Hybrid Media Environment
Journalism Practice, volume 16, issue 10 (2022), pp. 2106-2124
"Contemporary journalists face a multitude of external pressures and threats, ranging from political and commercial interference to online harassment and increasing anti-press hostility. This empirical article examines how the hybridization of the media environment is reflected in journalists’ exp
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Media Environment and Safety of Journalists During the Crisis in Georgia: Threats and Supportive Instruments
Environment and Society, volume 5, issue 5 (2022), 1 pp.
"Viable, free media is a crucial component of democratic progress in Georgia. Thirty years after the collapse of the Soviet Union and gaining independence, the safety of journalists while carrying out professional duties continues to be one of the critical indicators of progress in the country's med
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Media capture in Central and Eastern Europe: The corrosive impact on democracy and desecration of journalistic ethics
"This chapter examines the root causes, development, and corrosive effects of the progressive “capture” of influential media by populist governments and other vested interests in Central and Eastern Europe over the past 20 years. Many countries in the region have proved vulnerable to media captu
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Bulgarian Journalists Under Pressure: Threats, Violence, and Freedom of Speech
In: Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism
Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2021), pp. 212-231
"Bulgarian journalists are under pressure. Although the country has been a member of the EU for 13 years and the legislation on freedom of speech corresponds to Western practices, the country ranks 111th in the annual Freedom of Speech Index. While the cases of work-related physical violence against
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Voices of Resilience: Colombian Journalists and Self-Censorship in the Post-Conflict Period
Journalism Practice, volume 15, issue 10 (2021), pp. 1423-1440
"Colombian journalists experience abundant threats and acts of violence as well as corporate and governmental obstacles to publishing the truth. In response, many reporters engage in selfcensorship, eschewing stories to protect their livelihoods—and their very lives. Our in-depth interviews with s
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Media Environment Before and After 2021 Elections: Threats and Supportive Instruments
Tbilisi: Media and Communication Educational and Research Center (MCERC) (2021), 65 pp.
"The study revealed the macro and micro media threats that come to light in the digital and physical media environments prior to and following elections. The media environment observed during the 2021 self-government elections was representative of the reality seen through the eyes of media workers,
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Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship
Deep Insights
London; New York: Routledge (2021), viii, 210 pp.
"This book explores the relationship between the safety of journalists and self-censorship practices around the world, including local case studies and regional and international perspectives. Bringing together scholars and practitioners from around the globe, Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship p
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Fear, trauma and local journalists: Implications for media development and peacebuilding
"In many transitional and conflict societies self-censorship is employed as a coping mechanism or survival strategy (Skjerdal, 2010; Tapsell, 2012). Recent research has examined self-censorship by journalists in countries in which there have been and continue to be media support and safety intervent
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Red lines of journalism. Digital surveillance, safety risks and journalists’ self-censorship in Pakistan
"Drawing on Reese’s hierarchy of influences model, this study investigates the extent to which safety risks and digital surveillance result in journalists’ self-censorship in Pakistan. This study also explores the key areas of journalists’ self-censorship in the country and how it affects thei
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Practices of Self-Censorship Among Nepali Journalists
In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety
Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 72-82
"Although Nepal has entered a new era of democracy and press freedom since 2006, self-censorship still exists in the reporting/editing of many Nepali journalists. Nepal has more than 100 years of press history, most of it has faced pressure from the government if not censorship. Drawing upon intervi
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A way to silence journalists? Estonian female journalists’ experiences with harassment and self-censorship
"The aim of the study is to investigate Estonian female journalists’ experiences with harassment resulting in self-censorship. We carried out three studies: one in 2015, a second in 2016 and a third one in 2018. The data were gathered by in-depth interviews (2015 and 2018), journalists’ diaries
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Constructing Silence: Processes of Journalistic (Self-)Censorship during Memoranda in Greece, Cyprus, and Spain
Media and Communication, volume 8, issue 1 (2020), pp. 15-26
"What are to be considered as threats against journalism? Whereas the literature on safety of journalists mainly discusses threats as part of armed conflicts, this article studies how other kinds of conflicts such as economic strangulation and the viability threat represent threats against journalis
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Chilling or cosy effects? Zimbabwean journalists’ experiences and the struggle for definition of self-censorship
"The definition of censorship denotes direct or overt restriction on free expression or freedom of the media. The popular understanding of self-censorship involves a person’s involuntary self-silencing. A journalist’s wilful, personal, intentional self-censorship, at times motivated by selfish m
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Conclusion. Researching self-censorship caused by inadequate safety of journalists. Causes, solutions and future research
"The chapters document a multitude of factors pushing journalists to self-censor out of fear of repercussions such as government pressures, police brutality, social violence, corruption, misogyny and gendered stereotyping, surveillance, economic factors and more. The range of causes of self-censorsh
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Media Landscapes with Religious and Ethnic Conflicts in Pakistan: The Case of Security Concerns for Journalists in Balochistan
Global Political Review, volume 5, issue 1 (2020), pp. 46-56
"This paper attempts to have insight into the media landscape of Balochistan and issues too. Balochistan is considered to be a conflict zone due to many religious and ethnic issues. The safety of journalists and media workers are a prime concern for journalistic bodies and government. The violence's
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Who is the censor? Self-censorship of Russian journalists in professional routines and social networking
Journalism, volume 22, issue 12 (2020), pp. 2919–2937
"Today’s communicative environment, including the rise of social media, makes journalists perform publicly as both professionals and private citizens. In these circumstances, practices of self-limitation and self-censorship may extend to online behaviour. In this article, we analyse what makes jou
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Digital Threats and Attacks on the Philippine Alternative Press: Range, Responses, and Remedies
In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety
Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 1-22
"In the Philippines, the assault on the press has gone digital. While Filipino journalists continue to face physical, verbal, and legal threats and attacks, cyber-attacks and online harassment/trolling were identified in 2018 as the second worst threat against them, after low wages and poor working
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Journalism and self-censorship in the insecure democracies of Central America
"This chapter focuses on the context of violence and political polarization in three Central American countries: Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador, and analyses how these conditions negatively affect press freedom and the practice of journalism. The author argues that the notion of “insecure dem
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