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Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
64
Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
47
Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
42
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
31
Digital Platforms & Intermediaries
29
Media Law & Regulation
29
Labour, Labour Markets, Labour Laws, Working Conditions
28
Female Journalists & Media Workers
28
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
25
Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
23
Media Assistance: Country Strategies & Experiences
22
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
21
Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
21
Radio Landscapes
21
Community Radios
20
ICT Development Assistance
19
Media Outlets, Media Associations
19
Journalism Education & Training
18
Press Landscapes
18
Television Landscapes
18
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Digital Communication
17
Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities
16
Climate Change Communication, Climate Journalism
16
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
15
Digital Inclusion
15
E-Governance, E-Democracy
15
Digital Media Markets
15
Digital Economies & Markets
15
Telecommunication Infrastructure
15
Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
14
Electronic Commerce
14
ICT Industries & Markets
14
Media Assistance
14
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
12
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
11
COVID-19 Communication
11
Journalism
11
Audiences & Users
10
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
9
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
9
Self-Censorship
9
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
9
Journalists
9
Textbooks, Textbook Development, Publishing & Research
8
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
8
Community Radio Sustainability & Financing
8
Democracy / Democratization and Media
8
Book Markets & Industries
7
Censorship
7
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
7
Climate, Climate Change, Climate Change Adaptation
7
Perceptions & Attitudes Towards Climate Change and Environmental Degradation
7
Investigative Journalism
7
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
7
Everyday Life
7
Audience Feedback, Interaction & Participation
6
Digital & Social Media Use: Youth
6
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
6
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
6
Alternative Communication & Media
6
Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
6
War Reporting
6
Financing Digital / Online Media
6
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Reporting
6
Environmental Journalism
6
Journalism Ethics
6
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
6
Media Assistance: Journalism Education & Training
6
Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
6
Election Reporting
6
Politics and Media
6
Political Transition and Media
6
Media Use, Media Consumption
5
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
5
Book Policies (National & International)
5
Film Actors, Directors & Producers, Filmmakers
5
Violence Against Journalists & Media Personnel
5
Community Participation in Community Media
5
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
5
Development Assistance
5
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
5
Journalism / Communication Training Centers
5
Media Assistance Donors: Foundations & Private Donors
5
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
4
News Consumption & Information Sources of Media Users
4
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
4
Freedom of Expression
4
Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
4
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
4
NGOs & Civil Society Organizations: Communication Strategies & Practices
4
Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
4
Conflict-Sensitive Radio Journalism, Radio in Conflict Prevention & Transformation
4
Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
4
Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
4
Development Aid Reporting
4
Rural Radio Programmes, Rural Radios, Rural Development & Radio
4
Digital & Information Literacy
4
Podcasts
4
Facebook
4
Journalistic Social Media Use
4
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Information Management
4
Health Disinformation & Misinformation
4
Media Ownership
4
Political Economy of Media
4
Bribery & Corruption in Journalism
4
Fact-Checking & Verification of Sources
4
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
4
Good Practice Examples
4
Developing Countries Reporting & Representation in Foreign / International Media
4
Foreign Correspondents
4
Foreign News, International News
4
Journalistic Quality
4
Local Journalism
4
Poverty & Impoverished People: Reporting & Media Representation
4
Governance & Accountability: Role of Media / Communication
4
Political Communication
4
Newspapers
4
Islamist Communications & Media
4
Non-Western Communication Approaches
4
Access to Media & Information
3
Access to Public Information, Freedom of Information, Right to Information
3
Access to Information Laws, Right to Information Regulation
3
Information Needs
3
National Cinemas, National Film Production
3
Editorial Independence
3
Editorial Independence: Influence of Media Owners
3
Government Communication Strategies
3
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
3
Community Media
3
Community Reporters, Media Volunteers
3
Participatory Communication
3
Crime & Violence Reporting
3
Media Assistance Projects & Programs: Case Studies
3
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
3
Development Journalism & Media Representation of Development Issues
3
Digital Media Initiatives (Case Studies)
3
Digital Media Landscapes
3
Digital Media Startups
3
Digital Media Management, Online Media Management
3
Social / Digital Media and ICTs in Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Management & Prevention
3
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication
3
Documenting Human Rights Violations
3
Educational Radio Programmes
3
Media Assistance: Environmental Communication
3
Image Ethics, Ethics in Photojournalism
3
Media Assistance: Gender Focus
3
China: Transnational Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
3
Investigative Journalism: Impact
3
Journalism Education Curricula
3
Photojournalism
3
Local Radios, Local Radio Programmes
3
Media Management
3
Polarization, Political Polarization
3
Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers, Elites
3
Rohingya
3
Youth, Adolescents
3
Open Data
2
Editorial Independence: Influence of Advertisers
2
Local Advertising & Local Advertising Markets
2
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
2
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
2
Social Movements: Communication Strategies & Practices
2
Information Needs in Disasters & Humanitarian Crises
2
Media Use: Women, Female Media Audiences
2
Media Use: Youth
2
Reading, Reading Habits, Reading Skills
2
Book Aid, Book Publishing Assistance, Book Donations
2
Book Publishing
2
Book Trade & Distribution
2
Campaigning: Experiences
2
Election Campaigns
2
Catholic Church: Media Representation & Reporting
2
Child Abuse: Digital Media
2
Christian Social Media Presence & Online Communities
2
Female Film Actors, Directors & Producers
2
Documentaries, Television Documentaries, Web Documentaries
2
Latin American Cinema
2
Communication Rights
2
Editorial Independence: Influence of Media Donors
2
Freedom of Expression Lobbying & Communication Rights Campaigning
2
Media Assistance: Freedom of Expression & Safety of Journalists
2
Media / Communication Control
2
Killings of Journalists & Media Personnel
2
Nonprofit Public Relations & Marketing
2
Nonprofit Public Relations: Experiences
2
Community Newspapers, Community Press
2
Community Radio Associations & Networks
2
Community Radio & Gender
2
Community Radio Management
2
Community Radio Regulation & Licensing
2
Media Assistance: Community Radios
2
Participatory Videos & Community Filmmaking
2
Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation: Role of Media
2
Dealing With the Past
2
Extremism & Terrorism Reporting
2
Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
2
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
2
Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
2
Countering Misinformation & Rumours
2
Theatre for Development
2
Donor Coordination, Funder Collaboration, Aid Harmonsation
2
Donor Agencies
2
Radio for Development
2
Algorithms & Big Data
2
Digital Ethics, AI Ethics, Social Media Ethics, Data & Information Ethics
2
Social Media in Political Communication
2
Social Media
2
Content Moderation & Regulation: Social Media
2
Influencers (Social Media)
2
Twitter & Microblogs
2
YouTube
2
Artificial Intelligence
2
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Reporting & Media Representation
2
Disaster Relief & Humanitarian Aid Reporting
2
Earthquakes, Floods, Tsunamis, Natural Disasters
2
International Humanitarian Crisis Reporting, Foreign Disaster Reporting
2
Nonprofit Journalism, Nonprofit Media
2
Financing Radio
2
Foreign Investments
2
Training of Trainers, Teacher Education
2
Environmental Communication
2
Countering Defamation & Harassment
2
Impact Assessment & Outcome Evaluation
2
Feminism & Communication
2
Gender Discrimination, Gender Inequalities
2
Health Campaigns: Experiences
2
Health Journalism
2
Health: Media Representation (Factual & Fictional)
2
HIV / AIDS Communication
2
Media Assistance: Health Communication
2
Indigenous Radio Broadcasting
2
Africa: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
2
Foreign Countries: Reporting & Media Representation
2
Media Assistance: Journalism Exchange Programmes
2
Transnational Broadcasting, International Broadcasting
2
Transnational Journalism Cooperation & News Exchange
2
Financing Journalism
2
Freelance Journalists & Media Workers
2
Local News
2
News Values, News Selection Criteria
2
Corruption Reporting & Role of Media in Curbing Corruption
2
Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
2
Religion: Media Representation
2
Religious Journalism, Religion News
2
Science Journalism
2
Local Press
2
Local Television
2
Media Assistance: Cooperation Among Stakeholders, Power Relations, Ownership
2
Media Assistance: Governance, Accountability, Combating Corruption
2
Media Assistance: Implementing Organizations
2
Internews
2
Media & Communication Policies
2
Media & Information Literacy
2
Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
2
Human Rights Violations
2
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
2
Financing Media: Customer Payments, Subscription Models, User-Based Financing
2
Financing Not-For-Profit & Community Media
2
Digital Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
2
Accountability & Transparency
2
Populism
2
Fragile / Post-Conflict States
2
Radicalisation: Influence of Media
2
Magazines
2
Weekend Nation (Weekly, Malawi)
2
Public Media, State Media
2
Radio Dramas, Radio Soap Operas, Radio Fiction
2
Taliban
2
Islam and Communication
2
Sexual Violence & Abuse, Rape
2
China Global Television Network, CGTN (formerly China Central Television, CCTV)
2
User-Generated Contents
2
Youth Activism, Youth Civic Engagement, Youth Political Interests, Youth Protests
2
Youth Cultures, Youth Milieus, Youth Identities
2
Access to Media & Information: Migrants, Refugees, Diasporas
1
Information Selection
1
Advertising
1
Advertising Ethics
1
Government Advertising, State Advertising
1
Print Media Advertising
1
Television Advertising
1
Advocacy Journalism
1
Advocacy & Political Films
1
Film & Video Advocacy / Activism
1
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
1
Media Advocacy, Media Activism
1
Agricultural Issues: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Environmental & Land Conflicts
1
Shamba Shape Up (Agricultural Reality TV Programme, Kenya)
1
Audience Clubs & Listener Groups
1
Audience Research
1
Book Reading Habits, Book Readers, Book Consumption
1
Community Radio Audiences & Use
1
Digital & Social Media Use: Children
1
Elderly People: Internet & Social Media Use
1
Information Needs: Migrants
1
Mobile Phone Use: Children
1
Media Use: Foreign / International Media
1
Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
1
Mobile Phone Use: Youth
1
Radio Use: Youth
1
Print Media Use, Press Readers
1
Religious Media Use, Religious Media Audiences
1
Television Consumption, Televison Use, Television Audiences
1
Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
1
Clandestine Radios
1
Bestsellers
1
African Publishers Network (APNET)
1
Children's Books & Literature
1
E-Books & Digital Book Publishing
1
Literary / Fiction Book Publishing
1
Development Communication Campaigns
1
Catholic Church: Communication Education & Training
1
Catholic Church: Public Relations & Institutional Communication
1
Catholic Communicators & Journalists
1
Catholic Digital Media Presence & Online Communities
1
Radio Cutivalú (Piura, Peru)
1
Radio Ecclesia (Luanda, Angola)
1
Radio Fe y Alegría (Venezuela)
1
Radio San Gabriel (El Alto, Bolivia)
1
Diocesan Catholic Communication Work
1
Children and Media
1
Children's Films
1
Clergy, Bishops, Priests
1
Holy Mass Transmission: Television & Social Media
1
Pentecostal Churches & Communication
1
African Cinema
1
Asian Cinema
1
Celebrities, Idols, Stars
1
Film Trade, Film Export & Import
1
Feature Films
1
Hollywood
1
Film Markets
1
Data Protection: Law & Regulation
1
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
1
Editorial Independence: Influence of Economic Factors
1
Plagiarism
1
Internet Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
1
Indirect Censorship, Soft Censorship
1
United Nations Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity
1
OSCE Representative of Freedom of the Media
1
Development Organizations: Communication Strategies & Media Representation
1
Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy
1
Military: Communication Strategies & Practices
1
Development Aid Public Relations, Development Public Awareness Raising
1
Social Media Marketing & Digital Public Relations
1
Press Releases & Press Conferences
1
Community Media Management
1
ALER
1
Community Radio Concepts & Principles
1
Community Radio Policies
1
Community Television
1
Telecentres, Community Telecentres, Internet Cafés
1
Genocides
1
Religion and Conflicts, Religious Conflicts, Religious Violence
1
Boko Haram
1
War Crimes
1
Conflict-Sensitive Language
1
Conflict-Sensitive / Peace Communication
1
Media Assistance: Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation
1
Religious Communication in Conflicts & Peacebuilding
1
Contents of Media
1
Content Analysis (Research Method)
1
Anthropology of Media & Communication
1
Arts
1
Collective Memory & Media, Media Representation of History
1
Creative & Cultural Industries
1
Cultural Diversity
1
Cultural Studies
1
Fans, Fandom, Fan Cultures
1
Foreign Cultural Policies & Cooperation
1
Literature
1
African Writers Series (Heinemann Publishers)
1
Authors, Writers
1
Reading Promotion
1
Democracy Assistance
1
Digitalization in NGOs, Civil Society & Development Organizations
1
Development Communication Projects: Case Studies
1
ICT / Internet Projects (Development Aid)
1
Government Development Cooperation, Official Development Assistance (ODA)
1
Behaviour Change Communication
1
Development and Media
1
Development Communication: Monitoring & Evaluation
1
Development Communication Research
1
Edutainment Television Programmes
1
Information for Development
1
Influence of Media on Development Aid
1
Rural Communication for Development
1
Digital Communication, Digital Media
1
Big Digital Platforms, Big Tech Companies
1
Data Governance, Data Justice, Data Sovereignty
1
Data Journalism, Computer-Assisted Investigative Reporting
1
Digital Healthcare & Information, Mobile Health, E-Health, Telemedicine
1
Digital Labour, Digital Work
1
Google
1
Internet
1
Media Assistance: Digital Journalism & Social Media
1
Online Magazines & Newspapers
1
Online Radio, Internet Radio, Radio Streaming
1
Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
1
Telegram
1
TikTok
1
Websites
1
Digitalization, Environment & Sustainable Development
1
Economic Development: Role of ICTs & Media
1
Educational Use of ICTs / Internet
1
Female ICT Sector Personnel / Professionals
1
ICTs and Development
1
Mobile Phone Markets
1
ICT Policies
1
Affirmative Action
1
Discrimination in Language & Media
1
Diaspora Media
1
Ethnic Press, Minority Press
1
LGBT & Communication / Media
1
Minority Journalists
1
Prisoners & Communication / Media
1
Racism in Communication & Media
1
Racism in Social Media & Digital Communication
1
Uyghurs, Uighurs
1
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation in Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication
1
Disaster Risk & Preparedness Communication, Disaster Prevention Communication
1
Media Assistance: Disasters & Humanitarian Crises
1
Disinformation & Misinformation Law & Regulation
1
Reporting on Disinformation & Misinformation
1
Information Processing
1
Economics of Media
1
Commercial Broadcasting
1
Local Media Economics & Markets, Local Media Financing
1
Press Markets
1
Media Ownership Regulation & Transparency
1
Print Media Economics
1
Alternative Economy, Solidarity Economy, Social Economy Businesses, Fair Trade
1
Civic Education: Use & Role of Media
1
Radio Schools
1
Educational Games, Serious Games
1
Educational Media: Effects & Effectiveness
1
Instructional Media & Teaching Materials
1
Primary Education
1
Divine Word University (Papua New Guinea)
1
Entertainment and Media / Communication
1
Extractive Industries & Mining Reporting
1
Ethics in Media & Communication
1
Objectivity & Veracity of Reporting
1
Sensationalist Journalism, Yellow Press
1
Ubuntu (Ethical Concept of Southern African Origin)
1
Evaluation: Communication & Media
1
Media Assistance: Evaluation, Monitoring, Impact Assessment
1
Gender and Media, Gender and Communication
1
Gender and Radio
1
Gender & Religious Communication
1
Gender & Television
1
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Housemaids
1
Media Reception & Effects: Women
1
Decolonial & Non-Western Approaches
1
Moderation / Facilitation Skills & Techniques
1
Mental Health (General)
1
Vaccination Campaigns & Vaccine Hesitancy
1
Decolonisation & Independence (General)
1
History (General)
1
History of Radio
1
Ethnicity in Communication
1
Indigenous Movements, Indigenous Organizations
1
Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous Population
1
China: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
1
Germany: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
1
Globalisation of Media
1
Image Abroad
1
Influence of Media on Foreign & International Policies
1
Latin America: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
1
International Radio Broadcasting, Foreign Radio Broadcasting
1
Satellite Television
1
Transnational Media Corporations, International Media Companies
1
Colonialism
1
International Organizations
1
United Nations (UN)
1
Associations & Networks of Journalists
1
International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)
1
Reporters Sans Frontièrs
1
Collaborative Journalism, Journalism Cooperation
1
Media Assistance: Investigative Journalism
1
Undercover Journalism
1
Journalism Studies: Research Projects
1
Stringers & Fixers (Journalism)
1
Youth Journalists, Youth Correspondents, Youth Media Volunteers
1
Mobile Journalism, Video Journalism
1
Television News
1
News Agencies
1
Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN)
1
Xinhua (News Agency, China)
1
Newsroom Management
1
Radio Journalism
1
Reporting & Media Representation: Specific Issues
1
Business & Economics Journalism
1
Court Reporting & Media Representation of Judicial System
1
Death & Grief: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Forced Labour & Human Trafficking: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Media Reporting, Reporting on Journalism & Communication Issues
1
Political Reporting
1
Government & Government Performance: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Sexual Abuse Reporting, Sexual Violence Reporting
1
Television Journalism
1
Local Communication & Media
1
China: Media Assistance
1
Media Assistance Donors: Corporate Donors
1
Media Assistance: Effects
1
Media Assistance: Exile Media
1
Media Assistance: Financial Sustainability & Management
1
Media Assistance: Impacts, Effectiveness, Efficiency
1
BBC Media Action
1
International Media Support (IMS) (Media Development NGO, Denmark)
1
Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA)
1
Media Assistance: Institutional Support & Core Funding
1
Media Assistance: Law & Regulation, Media Policy Consultancies
1
Media Assistance: Mapping of Programs & Donors
1
Media Assistance: Media & Information Literacy
1
Media Assistance: Post-Socialist Countries
1
Media Assistance: Regional Approaches & Experiences
1
Media Assistance Research
1
Media Assistance: Research Communication
1
Media Assistance: Transition Countries & Defective Democracies
1
Media Development Indicators
1
Informal Communication Channels, Networks & Structures
1
Media Literacy: Parents
1
Media Literacy: Primary Education
1
Media Literacy: Secondary Education
1
Media System Analyses & Typologies
1
Small States: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
1
Social Media Landscapes
1
Transition Countries: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
1
Criminal Law & Criminal Prosecution
1
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
1
Law, Legislation, Judiciary (General)
1
Media Law & Regulation: Transitional Countries
1
Press Law & Regulation
1
Radio Law & Regulation
1
Financing Press & Print Media
1
Crowdfunding
1
Human Resources Development, Personnel Management
1
Media Management Training
1
Organisational & Governing Structures of Media
1
Print Media Management
1
Self-Management
1
BBC
1
Deutsche Welle
1
Radio Free Asia (RFA)
1
Voice of America
1
Female Migrants / Migration
1
Forced Migration, Forced Displacement
1
Migrants
1
Migrants & Refugees: Tailor-Made Media Products & Information Services
1
Migration & Refugees Reporting & (Social) Media Representation
1
Youth Migrants, Youth Refugees, Youth Dasporas
1
People with Disabilities & Communication / Media
1
Media Workers with Disabilities
1
People with Disabilities: Access to & Use of ICT and Media
1
People with Disabilities: Reporting & Media Representation
1
People with Disabilities: Tailored ICT & Media Products
1
Photographers
1
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
1
Guerillas, Insurgent Groups, Revolutionary Movements
1
FARC (Insurgent Group, Colombia)
1
Political Resistance
1
Semi-Authoritarian Regimes & Defective Democracies
1
Statebuilding
1
Agenda Setting
1
Election Campaigns: Social Media
1
Governance & Accountability as Focus of Radio Programmes
1
Political Magazines
1
Political Television Programmes & Political Talkshows
1
Public Spheres
1
Trade Unions & Labor Movements: Communication Strategies
1
Local Newspapers
1
Kompas (Newspaper, Indonesia)
1
Wantok (Newspaper, Papua New Guinea)
1
Rural Press
1
Public Service Broadcasting
1
Public Service Broadcasting: Contents & Programming
1
Radio
1
Radio Debates, Radio Talk Shows, Call-In Radio Programmes
1
Youth Radio Programmes, Youth Radio Stations, School Radios
1
Radio Programming, Programme Structures & Schedules
1
Radio Ndeke Luka (Central African Republic)
1
Radio Okapi (Democratic Republic of Congo)
1
University Radios
1
Partnership
1
Manipulation
1
Socialization
1
COVID-19 Pandemic & Religion
1
Islamism
1
Muslim Digital Media & Online Communities
1
Youth & Religion
1
Research in Media & Communication
1
Television Studies & Research
1
Research Methods
1
Data Analysis & Interpretation
1
Digital Sources
1
Media Sustainability Index (MSI)
1
Interviewing (Journalistic Genre)
1
Researchers
1
Rural Issues: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Science Communication & Research Dissemination
1
Buen Vivir / Good Living
1
Civil Society
1
Ethnic Groups, Ethnic Minorities
1
Networks & Networking
1
Adults
1
Social Change
1
Castes
1
Dalits
1
Technological Change, Technological Developments, Technological Progress
1
Telecommunication Industries & Markets
1
Television
1
Al-Jazeera
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
"The media sector has changed in recent years, mostly for the better, through the following media development processes: the 1990 Decree on the liberalisation of the broadcast sector to allow private entrants; significant increase in private radio and television, although licensing is still problema ... more
"The most relevant changes that occurred during the past five years in Sierra Leone are the results of democracy (free and fair elections in 2002) and establishing the Independent Media Commission Act (IMC) of 2000 to help deregulate the formation of new media outlets. The resilience of media practi ... more
"While acknowledging that the situation is not entirely ideal, most of the interviewees believed a lot has been achieved in terms of the development of the media in Mozambique over the past five years. This was mainly due to relatively stable political conditions, underpinned by a liberal constituti ... more
"The media sector in Ghana has witnessed some dramatic, positive changes over the past few years, made possible by the promulgation of the 1992 democratic Constitution and the election in 2000 of President Kufuor’s government. All interviewees agreed that democratisation and the repeal of the Crim ... more
"Relevant changes in Angolan media were noticed in the press. Newspapers grew the most radios grew some, but TV did not grow at all. There are few new media development initiatives known in Angola. The greatest initiative, though still not in effect, is the new Media Law. The growth of the Sindicato ... more
"Overall, South Africa has a relatively vibrant and developing media environment. The 15 interviewees were involved in 37 media development initiatives between them. These development initiatives comprise the following: 12 training initiatives; nine advocacy initiatives; five research initiatives; t ... more
"The changes are mostly of a quantitative nature: proliferation of newspaper publications, an increase in the number of frequencies attributed to radio stations (commercial and community stations). Greater superficiality in the editorial lines of most newspaper publications has also been noted. The ... more
"The past five years have seen a mushrooming of media development organisations and media outlets. The period has also seen greater and better-coordinated civic activism in support of media development. There has generally been a diversity of media content, reflecting the plurality of media outlets. ... more
"There are a number of media players in Zimbabwe, in the private and state media, NGOs and training institutions, who have a keen interest in the development of the media in Zimbabwe. The majority of interviewees see the enactment of Zimbabwe’s media laws as the key change that has taken place ove ... more
"There have been significant changes in the Botswanan media in the past five years. Some of the changes noted include the recent proliferation of newspapers and the partial freeing of the airwaves by the Botswanan government, which has led to the setting up of two new commercial radio stations. Ther ... more
"The following changes have taken place over the past five years: media laws have been enacted; a legal framework is in place with the Press Law and Broadcast Law, and the creation of a favourable environment for media development; the Ethiopian Broadcast Authority has been established to issue lice ... more
"Nine of the 15 interviewees said the most important change in the media sector in the last five years has been the mix of deregulation/liberalisation/privatisation. Four interviewees said the newly democratic environment has been the key change. All interviewees agreed that media development in the ... more
"The media play an important role in stimulating discussion in developing countries. Yet journalists asked by Panos say that the media have a poor understanding of the climate change debate and express little interest in it. Public discussion of the policies and issues involved is urgently needed. T ... more
"On the whole, interviewees report both a positive quantitative and qualitative change in terms of the number and content of media messages. Liberalisation and more stable political climate has facilitated the opening up of the telecommunications sector, and has led to a diversification of the media ... more

African Media Development Initiative: Research Summary Report

London: BBC World Service Trust (2006), 137 pp.
"This research initiative assessed the key media changes and developments in seventeen African countries over the past five years and aimed at recommending intervention strategies for strengthening an independent, professional media sector. The summary report presents the main findings regarding med ... more
"Die vorliegende Arbeit ist in die Diskussion über die Unabhängigkeit der russischen Medien einzuordnen und fragt, inwieweit das Gebot der Trennung von Werbung und Redaktion in russischen Regionalmedien eingehalten wird. Sie beschreibt eine empirische Untersuchung in der Gebietshauptstadt Rostov-n ... more
"The purpose of the study is to determine the challenges and prospects of community radio in Ethiopia, taking Harar Community Radio (HCR) as a case study. This radio station is selected because it has already stopped broadcasting a few months ago. For the effectiveness of the research, efforts have ... more
"HIV/AIDS program managers and PLHIV are the most aware of and most affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and have a unique sensitivity to how HIV/AIDS is depicted in the media. The purposes of the surveys were to: 1. Document the perceptions of PLHIV and HIV/AIDS program managers on news media coverag ... more
"This report shares the findings of five studies of media coverage of HIV/AIDS, carried out in Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe by the Panos London AIDS Programme, with the support of Johns Hopkins University. The studies aimed to explore some of the issues and tensions involved ... more