"Over the past few years, India has taken decisive steps to reduce its dependence on Chinese technology and investments. This was triggered by border skirmishes with China in 2020, but built on longstanding national security concerns about China, given the history of conflict between the two countri
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es. India has banned hundreds of Chinese apps like TikTok and UC Browser, restricted Chinese investments in Indian companies, and mandated that telecom infrastructure be from “trusted sources”, and tried to reduce the import of products from China. These actions have come along with active support and development of regulations in favour of domestic companies and innovation, a push for manufacturing in India, and global alliances to ensure that China doesn’t dominate emerging technologies. Not all of these moves have been successful: it hasn’t been able to address its trade gap with China, Chinese technology is still implemented in Indian telecom networks, and Indian alternatives to Chinese applications haven’t successfully replaced TikTok. India has, however, been opportunistic, and demonstrated agility in leveraging geopolitical developments to further its goals: there is a clear sense of direction in its approach. Its actions underscore striking a balance between economic gains and strategic interests. Thus far, the anti-China measures instituted by the Indian government haven’t gravely harmed India. They have benefitted a few Indian companies, and American companies even more so. The impact on trade has been minimal so far. It is, however, probably still too early to understand the full impact of these policies as the efforts are part of a long-term approach, but an approach that so far looks promising." (Executive summary)
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"Freedom of religion or belief is an essential human right. Not a superordinate right, but not a marginal right either. It is closely intertwined with other rights such as freedom of opinion or assembly, or the right to be protected against discrimination. And that is the objective of my efforts: to
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embed this right firmly at the centre of the human rights agenda. There is still a long way to go to achieve this [...]
This report is about advancing the debate and it also enters new territory. It builds on the work done by my predecessor, Markus Grübel, but there are also some aspects where the report has been developed further. This is also reflected in the number of focus countries, which has been increased from 30 to 41. The German Parliament, the Bundestag, had asked for the country section to be expanded, and we were happy to comply with that request. Enlarging the range of countries covered by the report provides an opportunity to do two things at once: offer a regular report on developments in individual regions, and expand the focus in the light of new challenges. Among the focus countries that have been added this year are Armenia, Belarus, Guatemala, the Central African Republic, Lebanon, the Maldives and Syria. For some of them, the decision to add them was taken in the light of recent developments. With these aims in mind, the report will continue to be submitted at regular intervals as intended by the Bundestag, building on a solid basis of data and information.
The report explores new ground above all with its thematic focus on the freedom of religion or belief of Indigenous peoples. There are about 5,000 such groups of people worldwide, with an estimated total population of more than 470 million. With this focus our report ties in with a report by the UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, developing the topic further. In the process of drafting the report, I realised that we are doing pioneering work, because there was and still is the belief that Indigenous spirituality has nothing to do with freedom of religion or belief. The report provides an opportunity to look in a different way at conflicts over land and infrastructure that involve Indigenous communities. And to develop an understanding that often such conflicts are not just about resources but in fact have to do with Indigenous peoples’ belief that all natural things have a spirit or soul. My personal learning curve on this topic is closely connected with Indigenous communities in Guatemala and my experiences with conflictual infrastructure projects. When I visited Guatemala many years ago, I had difficulty understanding why people staged fierce and violent protests against small-scale hydropower plants that were actually environmentally friendly. Today I know that the areas surrounding a small river were regarded as important spiritual places, with Indigenous communities believing that the forest had a soul, and that interfering with nature there without giving any thought to the spiritual implications was not acceptable." (Preface, page 2)
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"The amount of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) Placed on Market (POM) in the Western Balkans region increased from 0.16 Mt (9 kg/inhabitant) in 2010 to 0.21 Mt (13 kg/inhabitant) in 2021. Likewise, the regional e-waste generated nearly doubled from 0.09 Mt (5.3 kg/inhabitant) in 2010 to 0.
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15 Mt (9.0 kg/inhabitant) in 2021. Large Equipment (Category IVa(1)) and Small Equipment (Category V) are the largest categories of both EEE POM and e-waste generated, at 65% (Category IVa 40%, Category V 25%) and 59% (Category IVa 29%, Category V 30%), respectively. The e-waste generation growth rates in all countries of the region are generally positive, with the exception of Lamps, Small IT, and Screens and Monitors. The Western Balkan countries collected and managed 38.4 kt (2.4 kg/inhabitant) of e-waste in an environmentally sound manner in 2021, which yields a total collection rate of 27%. Environmentally sound e-waste management may be defined as taking all possible steps to ensure that end-of-life products and waste are managed in a manner that will protect human health and the environment, and it involves the separate collection, dismantling, and pollution of hazardous substances and recycling of valuable materials, while other waste-related activities include waste dumping, waste-picking, disposal, etc. and may include the informal sector(2,3). All Western Balkan countries have specific legislation on this currently in force, supporting the environmentally sound management of e-waste. In practice, the environmental sound management of e-waste in the Western Balkans occurs mainly in Serbia, North Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina." (Executive summary, pages 14-15)
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"This report examines the overall statistics of electronic and electrical equipment (EEE) placed on the market (POM) and e-waste generation in Botswana. The main findings indicate that 21 097 tonnes of EEE were placed on the market in Botswana in 2020 generated by demand from households and business
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es. In 2020, 13 494 tonnes of EEE became e-waste. The highest EEE POM recorded in the last 20 years rose to 24 742 tonnes in 2011. This may be attributed to a boom in construction and refurbishment of sporting facilities ignited by the 2010 World Cup hosted by neighbouring South Africa. In contrast, 2002 had the lowest recorded level of EEE POM. The main reason for the dip in this year is not yet known but it should be highlighted that the year 2002 saw the introduction of the use of the local Pula (BWP) currency from the previous South African Rand (ZAR) currency. The temperature exchange equipment category had the highest share for both POM and E-waste." (Executive summary)
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"Namibia currently lacks the capacity to monitor e-waste, which makes e-waste hard to track and hampers the setting and assessment of targets that are necessary to move to a more sustainable and circular economy. In line with policy objectives, a draft national policy on management of waste electric
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al electronic equipment (WEEE) was requested to help build a framework to assess baseline data on volumes of electrical and electronic equipment put on the market and e-waste generated, including types, routes and flows. Challenges encountered in Namibia including the lack of a quantification methodology, legislative processes, and the overall e-waste management are identified and a roadmap with recommendations on how to improve e-waste data quality and availability are presented in this report." (Executive summary)
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"Whether you are a policy-maker, business leader or tech enthusiast, this report provides valuable insights into the current state of the national digital landscape and its potential to shape the future. It provides constructive recommendations, roadmaps and comprehensive opportunities to strengthen
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capacities and accelerate digital transformation. With the ever-evolving digital landscape, it will be an essential tool for all key stakeholders of North Macedonia who are looking to stay ahead of the curve and be at the forefront of the national digital revolution." (Foreword by Azir Aliu, Minister of Information Society and Administration, Republic of North Macedonia)
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"This digital innovation profile, developed in collaboration with the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development and the Georgia Innovation and Technology Agency, aims to accurately assess the country's digital ecosystem capacity and maturity to help Georgia and its stakeholders navigate the di
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gital innovation landscape. The objective is to help Georgia to continue building new capabilities for a competitive, sustainable, and ICT-enabled economy that accelerates the development of the digital economy toward achieving Georgia’s vision. The creation of this profile entailed an exhaustive process, involving comprehensive research, one-on-one interviews with experts, and collaborative workshops with stakeholders from the public sector, private sector, finance, academia, entrepreneurs, and support networks. I extend my heartfelt appreciation to all the national stakeholders who actively participated in this endeavour. Their contributions and insights have been instrumental in shaping the profile and ensuring its relevance and applicability. This digital innovation profile will serve as a valuable resource for policymakers, innovators, the private sector, and other stakeholders in Georgia. It offers critical insights into Georgia’s digital innovation landscape, identifies areas for improvement, and presents strategic recommendations for collective decision-making processes towards accelerating the country’s AI-driven competitive advantage." (Foreword)
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"This digital innovation profile, developed in collaboration with the Office of the Prime Minister Republic of Serbia, aims to accurately assess the country's digital ecosystem capacity and maturity to help Serbia and its stakeholders navigate the digital innovation landscape. The objective is to he
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lp Serbia to continue building new capabilities for a competitive, sustainable, and ICT-enabled economy that accelerates the development of the digital economy toward achieving Serbia’s vision. The creation of this profile entailed an exhaustive process, involving comprehensive research, one-on-one interviews with experts, and collaborative workshops with stakeholders from the public sector, private sector, finance, academia, entrepreneurs, and support networks. I extend my heartfelt appreciation to all the national stakeholders who actively participated in this endeavour. Their contributions and insights have been instrumental in shaping the profile and ensuring its relevance and applicability. This digital innovation profile will serve as a valuable resource for policymakers, innovators, the private sector, and other stakeholders in Serbia. It offers critical insights into Serbia’s digital innovation landscape, identifies areas for improvement, and presents strategic recommendations for collective decision-making processes." (Foreword)
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"Oman has made tremendous strides with various ICT investments and its Digital Economy Program and continues to address opportunities toward the Oman Vision 2040. This Digital Innovation Profile, conducted in partnership with the Ministry of Transport, Communications and Information Technology (MTCI
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T) of the Sultanate of Oman, aims to accurately assess the country's digital ecosystem capacity and maturity to help Oman and its stakeholders navigate the digital innovation landscape. The aim is to help Oman to continue building new capabilities for a competitive, sustainable, and ICT-enabled economy that accelerates the development of the digital economy toward achieving Oman's vision. This work required an assessment of the current state of the digital innovation ecosystem in Oman, identification of areas of improvement, and presentation of recommendations through a process of research, one-on-one interviews with experts, and co-creation workshops with local stakeholders, including members from the public sector, private sector, finance, academia, entrepreneurs and support networks. I want to thank all the national stakeholders who participated in the co-design of the assessment, particularly the MTCIT staff and the team of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) that facilitated the process. I hope this profile will serve as a valuable resource for policymakers, entrepreneurs, the private sector, and other stakeholders in Oman. I additionally hope it will guide decision-making and investment in areas critical for the country's growth and development." (Foreword)
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"In 2023, Fairwork conducted the first year of research in Uganda among twelve selected digital platforms. The selected platforms are in the sectors of ride hailing and food delivery. The research and rating of platforms was done as per the five Fairwork principles." (Executive Summary)