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Strings Attached: Sustainability and Dependence in Five Models of Local and Community Media
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Franz Krüger

Journal of Alternative and Community Media, volume 7, issue 2 (2022), pp. 179-197

"Sustainability is a key issue for local and community media in the Global South as well as the Global North, albeit in different ways. After identifying significant gaps in the sustainability literature, the article presents and discusses a taxonomy of ‘models’ – the relationships that arise ... more

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Position Paper: The Sustainability of Journalism and Competition in the Digital Economy

South African National Editors' Forum (SANEF) (2022), 51 pp.

"This position paper reports on the findings of a research project conducted from late-2021 to early-2022 involving consultations with a range of stakeholders in the news media and digital advertising industries, regulators, and government officials, as well as extensive desk research on the state o ... more

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Born in the Fire: What We Can Learn from How Digital Publishers in the Global South Approach Platforms

Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, Federica Cherubini

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2022), 33 pp.

"Based on interviews with a strategic sample of 11 publishers in eight low- and middle-income countries, the authors of this report analyse how various digital publishers across a range of Global South countries approach digital platforms: both big platform companies such as Google and Meta; rapidly ... more

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Financing Independent Media: A Global Challenge

Mediation: Biannual Publication of Fondation Hirondelle, issue 9 (2022), 6 pp.

"The evolution of media towards mainly digital platforms has provoked a long crisis in their financing, often resulting in them being absorbed into large industrial groups seeking political influence. In the North as in the South, economic models for independent news and information need to be reinv ... more

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The State of Innovation and Media Viability in East Africa: From Indepth Media House Surveys
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Hesbon Hansen Owilla, Rose Kimani, Ann Hollifield et al.

Aga Khan University, Graduate School of Media and Communications; Deutsche Welle DW Akademie (2022), 71 pp.

"The fact that about half of the news-producing media organizations categorise themselves as having insufficient newsroom resources as far as equipment, technology and training are concerned suggests that there is still need to look into equipping newsrooms technologically and continuing efforts to ... more

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Sustainable Innovative Journalism and New Business Models
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Marc Gruber

Brussels: European Federation of Journalists (EFJ) (2021), 41 pp.

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50 Ways to Make Media Pay

Damian Radcliffe

What's New In Publishing (WNIP) (2021), 82 pp.

"This in-depth study explores some of the most popular tactics being used by news and other media organizations to diversify their revenue streams and generate income through a variety of different means. It does this by deep dives into subscriptions, paywalls, advertising, content and other establi ... more

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Leadership or Stagnation: The Future of Media Viability in Bangladesh

Ross Settles, Tanim Ahmed

Dhaka: Management and Resources Development Initiative (MRDI); Fojo Media Institute (2021), 38 pp.

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Media's Future in a Post-Covid World

John Wilpers

UPM; FIPP (2021), 72 pp.

"The road to creating a successful corporate culture in the new hybrid work era is lined with landmines, but it is also loaded with new opportunities for more diverse, more motivated, and more talented workforces. Financial sustainability was already a dicey challenge pre-Covid. Companies producing ... more

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Pathways to Media Sustainability in a Broken Market: Is Independent Media a Public Good and is Public Subsidy to Support it Realistic?

James Deane

Protecting Independent Media for Effective Development (PRIMED) (2021), 27 pp.

"This working paper argues that business models capable of supporting independent media are decreasingly available, that media markets are increasingly fertile territory for government co-option and that alternative sources of revenue for independent media are scarce." (Page 3)

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The Independence of the News Media: Francophone Research on Media, Economics and Politics

Loïc Ballarini (ed.)

Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2020), xvii, 320 pp.

"This book explores the different ways Francophone research on news media has faced the challenges of dependence and independence from three complementary perspectives. The first is economics - how can sustainable business models be developed and to what extent can crowdfunding help to maintain the ... more

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Community-Powered Journalism: A Manual for Sustainability and Growth in Independent News

Kevin Davis, Mark Lee Hunter

Centre for Media Studies (2020), 158 pp.

"This book is about how to grow an independent media business, and we are perfectly aware that news publishing these days is not for the faint of heart [...] We ask: Is there a media business approach that is not primarily focused on the needs and wants of an advertiser, a funder or the journalists ... more

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Myanmar Media's Response to COVID-19

Thal Nyein Thu, Jane Madlyn McElhone, Tessa Piper (eds.)

New York: Media Development Investment Fund (MDIF) (2020), 41 pp.

"In June 2020, MDIF conducted a survey of 36 Myanmar media outlets to gather information about the impact of COVID-19 on their businesses between March and May. They represent a mix of national media, as well as local media from the ethnic states and regions. Their operations are of various sizes: t ... hree media have 70-150 staff, 7 have 20-69, and 26 have 1-19. All the media surveyed felt the impact of COVID-19 almost immediately. Not surprisingly, as this has generally been the experience of media worldwide, commercial revenue decline was often dramatic: half of the survey respondents reported more than a 75% drop in income. Thirty-two of the 36 respondents had advertising revenue prior to the start of the pandemic, and all of them reported that it was negatively affected. All 19 media with print products were obliged to either reduce or even halt production. In response to collapsing revenues, 31 of the 36 survey respondents instituted spending cuts between March and May including, in some cases, cutting salaries and staff. Even as they reeled from the economic impact, Myanmar media also had to adapt their working environments. All the media surveyed quickly instituted work from home practices or else established social distancing in their offices and provided protective equipment for their staff. At the same time, more than half of the media reported having to contend with safety and security challenges. These came in the form of restrictions on movement, websites being blocked, on and offline surveillance, staff harassment and arrests. In common with media in other countries, one bright spot in this bleak picture has been audience growth. MDIF’s survey found that almost all media saw both their digital audiences, and audience engagement, increase. This had a positive knock-on effect for the media, with 30 respondents reporting that during this period they were able to strengthen their digital skills and knowledge due to the increased focus on their online content. The good news that 21 of the 31 respondents that sought emergency funding during the survey period obtained it, is tempered by the reality that the impact of COVID-19 has been deep and will be long lasting. The future for media in Myanmar is precarious." (Introduction) more

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Reporting Facts: Free from Fear or Favour

Marius Dragomir

Paris: UNESCO (2020), 52 pp.

"In a growing number of countries around the world, the greatest menace to editorial independence and professional standards is media capture, a form of media control achieved through a series of premeditated steps taken by governments and powerful interest groups, which undermines journalism as a p ... more

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Sustainability of Professional Journalism in the Media Business Environment of the Western Balkans

Sanela Hodžic, Brankica Petkovic

European Union; TACSO 3 project; GDSI (2020), 54 pp.

"Independent media outlets in the Western Balkans are facing major challenges to their financial sustainability. With the exception of some of the largest broadcasters with national coverage and the most visited online media, the majority of media outlets across the region are not sustainable busine ... more

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Myanmar Media's Response to COVID-19: A Media Development Investment Fund (MDIF) Survey

Media Development Investment Fund (MDIF) (2020), 39 pp.

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Entrepreneurial Journalism in Africa: Opportunities, Challenges and Risks for Media in the Digital Age. Learnings from a Conference Held by KAS Media Africa in Accra, Ghana, 16-19 September 2018

Francis Mdlongwa (ed.)

Johannesburg: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) (2019), 64 pp.

"[...] there seems to be an understanding that the media is important and that society needs the media. In October 2018, KAS Media Africa, therefore, gathered the CEOs of media houses, publishers and editors-in-chief from 16 different countries, both from Anglophone and Frenchspeaking Africa, in Acc ... more

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Media Influence Matrix: Kazakhstan. Funding Journalism

Adil Nussipov

Budapest: Center for Media, Data and Society (CMDS) (2019), 26 pp.

"Only three of the ten most popular television channels in Kazakhstan are not government-owned. Former President Nursultan Nazarbayev directly or through his family, also owns television channels. For example, KTK, the second most watched television channel in the country is run by the Foundation of ... the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan-Elbasy. Another popular television channel, NTK, is owned directly by a Nazarbayev family member. Nazarbayev resigned in March 2019, but political analysts say that he did so to be able, before he dies, to supervise a smooth transition to a new regime that will continue his policies, ensuring centralization of political control and preventing criticism of authorities as Nazarbayev did during his 29-year tenure. When it comes to online news, the Government owns three of the 10 most visited websites: Kazinform.kz, Bnews.kz and 24.kz. In fact, none of the most popular news portals in Kazakhstan are independent and truly free of government control. For example, TengriNews.kz, one of the most read news websites is owned by the company Alash Media Group, which is known for promoting a strong pro-government narrative. The foreign influence in Kazakhstan’s media landscape is limited as foreigners can own only 20% of a media company. That being said, the Russian influence in the Kazakh media is notable. The most popular television channel in the country, Eurasia, jointly owned by the governments of Kazakhstan and Russia, is known for promoting a heavy pro-Russian agenda on world affairs. Another popular television channel, Channel 31 (31 Kanal) is co-owned by Bulat Utemuratov, a wealthy local businessman, and the Russian-funded STS Media Holding. Kenes Rakishev, another entrepreneur, owner of Channel Seven (Sedmoy Kanal), is also a partner in Fastlane Ventures, a prominent Russian venture fund that usually invests in internet companies. The Government is by far the largest funder in the media, with over €144m spent in cash dished out to media companies in 2017, more than the overall ad spend in Kazakhstan, according to industry estimates. Most of the government funding goes to government-owned media companies or privately held outlets that show support of the Government. For example, in television, the biggest chunk of government cash is spent on financing Khabar and Qazaqstan, two government-owned channels. In such a centralized media environment in which the Government plays a disproportionately big role, there is hardly any space for independent journalism. Owned by a civil society activist and journalist, Vlast.kz is arguably the sole truly independent news website among the 10 most visited websites in the country. There are other independent news media such as Azattyq, the local service of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, but their audience is much smaller." (Page 4) more

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Suscripciones, “the new black”: Los modelos de pago emergentes (1ª parte)

Pepe Cerezo

Madrid: Evoca Comunicación e Imagen (2019), 37 pp.

Google Scholar (26)

WorldCat (26)

A Global Media Resource Model: Understanding News Media Viability Under Varying Environmental Conditions

C. Ann Hollifield, Laura Schneider

In: What is Sustainable Journalism? Integrating the Environmental, Social, and Economic Challenges of Journalism

Peter Berglez, Ulrika Olausson, Mart Ots (eds.)

New York et al.: Peter Lang (2018), pp. 221-242

"[The authors] introduce a conceptual model for organizations and other stakeholders wishing to monitor and evaluate sustainable journalism. Their chapter provides a theoretical foundation for the argument that journalistic media competes for a wide range of resources that determine their success an ... more

Strings Attached: Sustainability and Dependence in Five Models of Local and Community Media Top Insights

The State of Innovation and Media Viability in East Africa: From Indepth Media House Surveys Top Insights

Sustainable Innovative Journalism and New Business Models Top Insights

Strings Attached: Sustainability and Dependence in Five Models of Local and Community Media
Top Insights

The State of Innovation and Media Viability in East Africa: From Indepth Media House Surveys
Top Insights

Sustainable Innovative Journalism and New Business Models
Top Insights