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Media Use, Media Consumption
203
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
122
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
109
News Consumption & Information Sources of Media Users
61
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
57
Digital & Social Media Use: Youth
48
Television Consumption, Televison Use, Television Audiences
37
Access to Media & Information
35
Media Use: Youth
34
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
34
Mobile Phone Use
29
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
27
Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
25
Audience Feedback, Interaction & Participation
21
Community Radios
20
Digital & Social Media Use: Children
18
Television Use: Children
17
Online News
17
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
15
Media Use: Rural Populations
13
Media Use: Urban Populations
13
Information Needs
12
Print Media Use, Press Readers
12
Book Reading Habits, Book Readers, Book Consumption
11
Television Use: Youth
11
Watchdog Role of the Media
11
Information Needs & Media Use: Refugees & Displaced People
10
Media Use: Children
10
Media Use: Women, Female Media Audiences
10
Reading, Reading Habits, Reading Skills
10
Media Use: Catholic Media Productions
10
Conflict-Sensitive Radio Journalism, Radio in Conflict Prevention & Transformation
10
COVID-19 Communication
10
Children's Television Programmes
9
Edutainment Radio Programmes
9
Local Television
9
Digital Literacy: Youth
9
Media Literacy: Youth
9
Social Media
8
Local Radios, Local Radio Programmes
8
Public Media, State Media
8
Audience Segmentation, User Typologies, Personas
7
Community Radio Audiences & Use
7
Radio Use: Children
7
Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
7
Radio Use: Youth
7
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
7
Health Campaigns: Experiences
7
Access to Public Information, Freedom of Information, Right to Information
6
Film Audiences, Film Consumption
6
Gaming: Uses & Effects
6
Information Needs in Disasters & Humanitarian Crises
6
Milieus, Lifestyles
6
Rural Radio Programmes, Rural Radios, Rural Development & Radio
6
Digital Platforms & Intermediaries
6
Digital & Information Literacy
6
Financing Digital / Online Media
6
Facebook
6
Sexuality: Media Representation, Sexually Explicit Media Content, Pornography
6
HIV / AIDS Communication
6
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
5
Media Use: Entertainment
5
Media Use: Foreign / International Media
5
Media Use: Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups
5
Radio Use: Women
5
Religious Media Use, Religious Media Audiences
5
WhatsApp
5
Media Assistance
5
Refugees / Displaced People
5
Rural Communication, Media in Rural Areas
5
Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities
4
Agricultural Radio Programmes
4
Audience Expectations & Satisfaction
4
Disinformation Consumption & Perception
4
Health Information Access & Use
4
Media Use: Public Service & State Media
4
Mobile Phone Use: Women
4
Music Consumption & Use
4
Development Communication Campaigns
4
Catholic Radios
4
Perceptions & Attitudes Towards the Catholic Church
4
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
4
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
4
Freedom of Expression
4
Community Participation in Community Media
4
Participatory Communication
4
Development Communication Projects: Case Studies
4
Behaviour Change Communication
4
Twitter & Microblogs
4
YouTube
4
Media Assistance: Disasters & Humanitarian Crises
4
Educational Radio Programmes
4
Open, Distance and Digital Education (ODDE)
4
Soap Operas & Telenovelas
4
International Radio Broadcasting, Foreign Radio Broadcasting
4
Local News
4
Television News
4
Media Assistance: Governance, Accountability, Combating Corruption
4
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
4
Financing Media: Customer Payments, Subscription Models, User-Based Financing
4
BBC
4
People with Disabilities: Access to & Use of ICT and Media
4
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
4
Political Transition and Media
4
Public Service Broadcasting
4
Radio Dramas, Radio Soap Operas, Radio Fiction
4
Radio Programming, Programme Structures & Schedules
4
COVID-19 Pandemic: Economic, Political and Social Effects
4
Television
4
Agricultural Information & Extension
3
Audiences & Users
3
Audience Research
3
Media Use: Disasters & Humanitarian Crises
3
Mobile Phone Use: Youth
3
Book Markets & Industries
3
Catholic Television Programmes
3
Alternative Communication & Media
3
Community Television
3
Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
3
Media Assistance Projects & Programs: Case Studies
3
Development Journalism & Media Representation of Development Issues
3
Edutainment Health Programmes
3
Edutainment Television Programmes
3
Algorithms & Big Data
3
Cyberbullying, Cyberharassment
3
Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
3
Instagram
3
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
3
Library Use
3
Media Markets
3
Television Entertainment, Television Entertainment Programmes
3
Women's Radio Programmes
3
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
3
Health Radio Programmes
3
WASH Communication (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene)
3
Indigenous Radio Broadcasting
3
Satellite Television
3
Poverty & Impoverished People: Reporting & Media Representation
3
Religion: Media Representation
3
Media & Information Literacy
3
People with Disabilities: Tailored ICT & Media Products
3
Politics
3
Politics and Media
3
Democracy / Democratization and Media
3
Influence of Media on Politics
3
Political Television Programmes & Political Talkshows
3
Press
3
Radio Debates, Radio Talk Shows, Call-In Radio Programmes
3
Radio Stations
3
Media Effects
3
Preference
3
Television Reception & Effects
3
Research in Media & Communication
3
Mobile Phones, Smartphones
3
Cable Television
3
Youth, Adolescents
3
Youth Cultures, Youth Milieus, Youth Identities
3
Youth Television Programmes
3
Flow of Information
2
Advertising
2
Advertising Markets & Industries
2
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Digital Communication
2
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
2
Audience Research in Media Assistance
2
Elderly People: Internet & Social Media Use
2
Internet & Social Media Use: Women
2
Elderly People: Media Use
2
Media Socialisation, Media Biographies, Media Life Journeys
2
Media Use: Conflict Areas
2
Media Use: Indigenous Populations
2
Media Reception & Effects: Youth
2
Mobile Phone Use: Migrants & Refugees
2
Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
2
Catholic Book Publishing
2
Catholic Radio Programmes
2
Child Abuse: Digital Media
2
Child Protection Online
2
Christian Social Media Presence & Online Communities
2
Film Markets
2
National Cinemas, National Film Production
2
Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy
2
Community Radio Contents & Programming
2
Community Radio & Gender
2
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
2
Television Quality
2
Rumours & Rumour Management
2
Perceptions & Attitudes Towards Development Issues and Development Assistance
2
Development Aid Reporting
2
Digital Media Landscapes
2
Internet
2
Podcasts
2
Sexual Abuse: Digital Media
2
Influencers (Social Media)
2
LinkedIn
2
TikTok
2
Streaming Media
2
Gender and ICTs / Internet
2
Radio in Disasters & Humanitarian Crises
2
Trust Building in Health & Emergency Communication
2
Election Campaigns: Disinformation & Misinformation
2
Libraries
2
Radio Markets
2
Video on Demand
2
Labour, Labour Markets, Labour Laws, Working Conditions
2
Climate Change Communication, Climate Journalism
2
Gender and Radio
2
Gender Relations
2
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
2
Media Assistance: Gender Focus
2
Media Reception & Effects: Women
2
Food / Nutrition Communication & Media Representation
2
Sexual Health Communication, Reproductive Health Education, Family Planning
2
Indigenous Media, Indigenous Language Media Productions
2
China: Transnational Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
2
Foreign Television Programmes
2
Image Abroad
2
Transnational Television, International Television
2
Journalistic Quality
2
Radio News
2
Election Reporting
2
Local Communication & Media
2
Media Assistance: Radio
2
Media Assistance: Television
2
Communication & Information Needs
2
Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
2
Interpersonal Communication, Interpersonal Relations
2
Media, Mass Media
2
Child Protection: Legislation & Regulation
2
Migration & Refugees Reporting & (Social) Media Representation
2
Peace, Peacekeeping, Peace Building, Peace Movements
2
Election Campaigns: Social Media
2
Governance & Accountability: Role of Media / Communication
2
Governance & Accountability as Focus of Radio Programmes
2
Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers, Elites
2
Newspapers
2
Public & State Radios
2
Radio
2
Business & Economics Radio Programmes
2
Youth Radio Programmes, Youth Radio Stations, School Radios
2
Habits
2
Everyday Life
2
Perception, Cognition & Comprehension
2
Uses-And-Gratifications Approach
2
Population
2
SMS
2
RT (Russian International Broadcaster, formerly Russia Today)
2
Television Programmes & Genres
2
Suburbs, Poor Districts, Slums, Shanty Towns
2
Youth and Media
2
Youth Activism, Youth Civic Engagement, Youth Political Interests, Youth Protests
2
Youth & Digital Media
2
Access to Media & Information: Disadvantaged Groups and Minorities
1
Adblocking
1
Advocacy & Empowerment: Disadvantaged & Vulnerable Groups
1
Advocacy & Empowerment: Youth
1
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
1
People with Disabilities: Advocacy & Empowerment
1
Shamba Shape Up (Agricultural Reality TV Programme, Kenya)
1
Audience Composition
1
Audience Research Methods
1
Community Media Audiences & Use
1
Internet & Social Media Use: Minorities
1
Information Use & Consumption
1
Interactive Radio: Audience Participation, Interaction & Feedback
1
Mobile Phone Use: Children
1
Reading Habits: Children
1
Media Use: Families
1
Media Use: Foreign & International News
1
Media Use: Influence of Religion
1
Media Use: Lower Classes & Poor Population
1
Mobile Phone Use: Minorities
1
Media Use: Political Information
1
Media Use: Preferred Contents & Programmes
1
Television Use: Women
1
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
1
Books
1
Bestsellers
1
Book Trade & Distribution
1
Bookshops & Bookshop Management
1
Children's Books & Literature
1
E-Books & Digital Book Publishing
1
Campaigning
1
Campaigning: Effects & Effctiveness
1
Election Campaigns
1
Radio Campaigns
1
Catholic Church and Communication
1
Catholic Digital Media Presence & Online Communities
1
Catholic Libraries
1
Catholic Press
1
Radio Maria (Catholic Radio Network)
1
Catholic Television
1
Madha TV (Catholic Television Channel, Tamil Nadu)
1
Rede Vida (Catholic Television Channel, Brazil)
1
Catholic Websites
1
Diocesan Catholic Communication Work
1
Catholic Religious Congregations, Catholic Orders
1
Children and Media
1
Animated Cartoons, Animated Films
1
Child Protection, Protection of Minors
1
Digital Media Socialisation
1
Children: Early Childhood, Toddlers, Preschoolers
1
Children's Media
1
Girls and Media
1
Media Literacy: Children
1
Media Reception & Effects: Children
1
Televangelism
1
Urban Pastoral
1
Digital Theologies
1
Environmental Films
1
Educational Films & Videos
1
Indigenous Films, Indigenous Videos
1
Bollywood
1
Film Language
1
History of Film & Cinema
1
Communication Rights
1
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
1
Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
1
Censorship
1
Indirect Censorship, Soft Censorship
1
State Influence on the Media
1
Community Communication
1
Community Media
1
Community Media Policies & Regulation
1
Community Radio Management
1
Community Radio Sustainability & Financing
1
Groups, Group Communication, Group Development
1
Media Assistance: Community Radios
1
Traditional Communication
1
Conflicts, Conflict Prevention & Management, Mediation, Peacebuilding
1
Russia-Ukraine War <2014-
1
Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
1
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
1
Conflict-Sensitive / Peace Communication
1
Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
1
Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
1
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
1
Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
1
Media Assistance: Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation
1
Transitional Justice Reporting
1
Violence in the Media: Reception & Effects
1
War Reporting
1
Contents of Media
1
Theatre
1
Cultural Policies
1
Cultural Development
1
Gaming: Youth
1
Literature
1
Religion and Culture
1
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
1
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
1
Development Communication: Effects & Effectiveness
1
Soul City (NGO, South Africa)
1
Development Education: Use & Role of Media
1
Entertainment Education, Edutainment
1
Edutainment Campaigns: Experiences
1
Edutainment: Youth
1
Radio for Development
1
Rural Communication for Development
1
Big Digital Platforms, Big Tech Companies
1
Digital Ethics, AI Ethics, Social Media Ethics, Data & Information Ethics
1
Religious Apps
1
Digital Platform & Intermediaries Regulation
1
E-Governance, E-Democracy
1
Google
1
Interactive Media
1
Internet and Politics
1
Internet / ICTs and Social Change
1
Media Assistance: Digital Journalism & Social Media
1
Digital Financial Services, Mobile Banking, Mobile Payphone Business
1
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
1
Digital Political Communication
1
Political Websites & Online Communities
1
Digital Media Markets
1
Online Radio, Internet Radio, Radio Streaming
1
Netflix
1
Sexting (Sending Sexually Explicit Messages of Oneself to Others)
1
Social / Digital Media and ICTs in Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Management & Prevention
1
Social Media & Web 2.0 for Development
1
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
1
Educational Use of ICTs / Internet
1
Online Learning, E-Learning
1
Mobile Phone Markets
1
ICT Policies
1
Albinism
1
Ethnic Media, Minority Media
1
Ethnic / Minority Radio Programmes
1
Integration of Minorities: Role of Media
1
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Perceptions & Attitudes Towards Minorities
1
Religious Minorities & Media
1
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication
1
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Information Management
1
Disaster Risk & Preparedness Communication, Disaster Prevention Communication
1
Conspiracy Narratives, Conspiracy Theories
1
Health Disinformation & Misinformation
1
Identifying & Researching Disinformation
1
Library Marketing & Library Image
1
Public Libraries
1
Television Industries
1
Local Media Economics & Markets, Local Media Financing
1
Media Ownership
1
Poverty & Poverty Reduction
1
Energy Supply, Electricity
1
Education and Communication / Media
1
Adult Education
1
Easy-To-Understand Information, Easy-To-Read Materials, Easy Language
1
Radio Schools
1
Educational Television
1
Educational Communication
1
Schools
1
Educational Games, Serious Games
1
Students
1
Gaming, Video Games
1
Addiction to Media & Video Games, Effects of Media on Mental Health
1
Television Entertainment: Audiences
1
Communication for Sustainable Development
1
Environmental Journalism
1
Fact-Checking & Verification of Sources
1
Sensationalist Journalism, Yellow Press
1
Female Journalists & Media Workers
1
Women's Television Programmes
1
Gender-Based Online Harassment & Sexual Threats
1
Gender Discrimination, Gender Inequalities
1
Marriage & Partnership
1
Rural Women & Communication
1
Women with Disabilities & Media
1
Health Communication
1
Food, Food Security, Nutrition
1
Health Communication & Campaigns: Youth
1
Health Journalism
1
Malaria Communication
1
Vaccination Campaigns & Vaccine Hesitancy
1
Indigenous Languages
1
Intercultural Communication, Intercultural Competencies
1
Developing Countries Reporting & Representation in Foreign / International Media
1
Foreign News, International News
1
Russia: Foreign Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
1
Russia: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
1
Sputnik (Russian State News Portal & Radio Broadcast Service)
1
Journalism
1
Constructive Journalism, Solution-Oriented Journalism
1
Crossmedia Journalism
1
Media Assistance: Journalism Education & Training
1
Local Journalism
1
News
1
News Reception
1
Radio Journalism
1
Radio Interviews
1
Business & Economics Journalism
1
Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
1
Religious Journalism, Religion News
1
Service Journalism, Consumer Information, Lifestyle Journalism
1
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
1
Bilingualism, Multilingualism
1
Media Assistance: Elections
1
Media Assistance: Financial Sustainability & Management
1
Fondation Hirondelle
1
Media Assistance: Institutional Support & Core Funding
1
Media Assistance: Youth Programmes & Media
1
Information
1
Information Ecosystems
1
Stereotypes in Media & Communication
1
Trust Building: Role of Communication & Media
1
Radio Policies
1
Media Law & Regulation
1
Licensing of Media
1
Marketing & Branding
1
Religious Media Management & Financing
1
Radio Sawa
1
Radio Television Afghanistan (RTA)
1
Migrants & Refugees: Tailor-Made Media Products & Information Services
1
Radio Music
1
Governance
1
Government
1
Political Opposition
1
Political Participation
1
Political Parties
1
Democratization
1
Fragile / Post-Conflict States
1
National Identity & Media, Nationalism & Communication
1
Radicalisation: Influence of Media
1
Public Service Broadcasting: Religious Programmes
1
Radio Programmes & Genres
1
Radio Reception, Radio Psychology, Radio Effects
1
Commercial Radios
1
Mega FM (Radio Station, Gulu, Uganda)
1
Radio Chiwalaki (Vacas, Cochabamba, Bolivia)
1
Radio Madang (Papua New Guinea)
1
Radio Progress (Wa, Upper West Region, Ghana)
1
Audience Influence
1
Digital Wellbeing, Digital Resilience, Digital Mental Health
1
Emotions in the Media, Emotional Functions & Messages of Media
1
Media Psychology, Communication Psychology
1
Media Reception
1
Media Reception & Effects: Rural Population
1
Social Participation
1
Mental Stress
1
Personality
1
Social Functions & Effects of the Media
1
Interreligious Dialogue
1
Islamist Communications & Media
1
Muslim Digital Media & Online Communities
1
Muslim Television Broadcasting
1
Perceptions & Attitudes Towards Religion
1
Youth & Religion
1
Data Collection, Data Collection Methods
1
Internet & ICTs in Rural Areas
1
Mobile Phones in Rural Areas
1
Rural Television
1
Science Communication & Research Dissemination
1
Social Conflicts, Social Problems
1
Society
1
Rohingya
1
Participation
1
Reality & Communication, Truth & Media
1
Social Aspects
1
Social Change
1
Theories of Change
1
Social Classes
1
Lower Classes
1
Sociology
1
Stigmatization
1
Digital Television
1
Short Wave Radio (SW)
1
Satellite Communication & Information Services
1
WLAN Wireless Internet Access
1
Pay TV, Pay Television
1
Television Channels
1
Al-Arabiya
1
Al-Hurra (Television Channel)
1
Al-Jazeera
1
Reality Television Programmes & Daily Talks
1
Television Talk Shows
1
Television Programming, Programme Structures & Programme Policies
1
Theories of Communication & Media
1
Urban Communication, Urban Media
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
"Libya’s contested and, at times, chaotic political scene is reflected in its media, which represents a range of political and vested interests, sparking narrative and counter narrative. Ultimately, it has left people frustrated that they cannot access the information that they need. In Tunisia, t ... more

The Changing Media Landscape in Vietnam

Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG);Gallup (2015), 38 slides
"Vietnam has a highly engaged, optimistic and entrepreneurial population and a rapidly changing media environment. Television remains the most used medium and the top source for news and information ¡V especially from official TV. Vietnam severely restricts its news media but Vietnamese want their ... more
"Actualmente, México se compone en mayor medida de una población joven. Esto implica un beneficio considerable para el desarrollo económico del país; no obstante, la evolución hacia una sociedad encabezada por adultos mayores presenta un futuro lleno de desafíos, no solo económicos, sino publ ... more

Media Use in Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan

Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG);Gallup (2015), 40 slides
"Key Takeaways: Iraq is divided and in transition. You cannot have an actionable understanding of media habits without analyzing specific "target" audiences. All media platforms matter, depending on the audience." (Slide 33)
"We report on a field experiment and a focus group interview study that examine the impact of a media-based intervention (i.e., radio drama) aimed at promoting peaceful intergroup relations in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In Study 1, we used a priming paradigm to assess the causal ... more
"Women on average are 14% less likely to own a mobile phone than men, which translates into 200 million fewer women than men owning mobile phones. Women in South Asia are 38% less likely to own a phone than men, highlighting that the gender gap in mobile phone ownership is wider in certain parts of ... more

Media Scene: Middle East (Focus on UAE & KSA)

Paris: Publicitas (2015), 38 slides
"Especially notable in the 2015 study is that most people access the internet on their phones rather than by laptop or desktop computers. That’s true in every country in our sample, except Egypt, where an ailing economy has slowed the adoption of new technologies common elsewhere in the region and ... more

Benchmarking Demand: Turkey’s Contested Internet

Philadelphia, PA: Annenberg School for Communication, Center for Global Communication Studies (CGCS) (2015), 35 pp.
"The data in this report was collected between December 20, 2014 and February 2, 2015 and represents the views of 1161 respondents from that time. The goal of the project is to understand how people in Turkey perceive and value the debate over Internet freedoms in Turkey and how they employ the Inte ... more

Consumo radial y televisivo 2015

Lima: Consejo Consultivo de Radio y Televisión (CONCORTV) (2015), 18 pp.

Informe: Servicio de estudio cuantitativo sobre consumo radial y televisivo nacional

Lima: Lima Consulting;Consejo Consultivo de Radio y Televisión (CONCORTV) (2015), 106 pp.
"Data for this report were gathered through an electronic survey of 895 Cambodian Internet users conducted from March 12 to 18, 2015, as well as through three follow-up focus group discussions [...] Cambodians find the Internet to be useful for personal, professional and civic interests, with the ma ... more
"This report gives forecasts for online video spend and consumption, where available, for 40 markets in which online video is at varying stages of development. From markets such as Singapore, where 85% of the population claims to access online video (according to GlobalWebIndex, 2014), to countries ... more
"TV remains the main news source for the majority of population – 85% of respondents say they have watched TV news during last 30 days. For the last year TV audience has slightly decreased (-8%), and, though in general other sources of information are much less popular, for people under age of 35 ... more

Media Messaging and its Impact on Afghan Women: Survey Report

Cooperation for Peace and Unity;Afghan Women Rights (2015), 48 pp.
"Television remains the most popular medium in all provinces surveyed and among the different groups of respondents. It is also the most preferred source of information, followed by Radio. A great majority of the population watches TV on a daily basis. More than half of the population spends between ... more

Afghan Media in 2014: Understanding the Audience

Altai Consulting;Internews (2015), 169 pp.
"In 2014, competition in the Afghan media sector has increased in order to attract diminishing advertising revenue. This has led to increased professionalization and a certain degree of segmentation with the introduction of specialist, niche channels. The pace of development of new outlets has slowe ... more

Uso del internet en el Perú

Lima: GfK Perú (2015), 30 pp.
"El número de usuarios de Internet en el Perú llega al 42%. Esta cifra se incrementa cuando se considera únicamente el ámbito urbano (50%) y se reduce considerablemente en el entorno rural, donde la conectividad llega a sólo 18%." (Página 6)
"The article discusses the relationship of young engaged Catholics in Slovakia to the various media outlets which they follow. It attempts to reveal which media outlets are considered to be inspiring and thought-provoking and how are they perceived and evaluated by their followers. The author draws ... more