"The article focuses on the use of metaphors during the 2007 pre- and post-election violence in Kenya that left at least 1400 people dead and more than 350,000 internally displaced. During and after the violence, vernacular radio stations, though not entirely responsible for the violence, were highl
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y chastised for constructing and disseminating narratives of hate, using embellished metaphors. This article acknowledges the presence of these metaphors and the ethnicized stereotypical humour they provided before the election. But it is the political tension that provided the context for the deployment of metaphors in a way that framed their meaning and potency of use. Whether these metaphors contributed to fanning ethnic passion cannot be quantitatively assessed. However, their potency was not in themselves, but in the meaning imbued in them; which was as fluid and transient as the context changed. Metaphors, therefore, became substitutes for past ethnic grievances. They served as a rallying cry and a call to arms, not because of the totality of what can be inferred from them, both positive and negative, but their signification of the aspects of difference. It is this difference, which was exploited during the election violence, not because of the metaphors but in spite of them. With the background of the political tension that suffocated the country, metaphors became materials to propagate ethnic identities and a basis for ethnic nomenclature." (Abstract)
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"A radio station for Somalis, by Somalis and about Somalis went on air on 1 March 2010. Radio Bar-Kulan ('meeting place' in Somali) uses FM, short wave, satellite and the internet to ensure that access is available to all who want it. The history of the station has its roots in peacekeeping. The suc
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cess of another radio service [Radio Okapi in DRC] helped convince the people with money that perhaps Somalia needed similar treatment. Bar-Kulan is still very much a work in progress. It was born out of need and developed through compromise. I am a director of the implementing agency for Bar-Kulan and I cannot overemphasize the importance of radio in a society that is in conflict and is overwhelmingly oral." (Introduction)
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"For two years, Clemencia Rodríguez did fieldwork in regions of Colombia where leftist guerillas, right-wing paramilitary groups, the army, and drug traffickers made their presence felt in the lives of unarmed civilians. Here, Rodríguez tells the story of the ways in which people living in the sha
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dow of these armed intruders use community radio, television, video, digital photography, and the Internet to shield their communities from armed violence's negative impacts. Citizens' media are most effective, Rodríguez posits, when they understand communication as performance rather than simply as persuasion or the transmission of information. Grassroots media that are deeply embedded in the communities they serve and responsive to local needs strengthen the ability of community members to productively react to violent incursions. Rodríguez demonstrates how citizens' media privilege aspects of community life not hijacked by violence, providing people with the tools and the platform to forge lives for themselves and their families that are not entirely colonized by armed conflict and its effects. Ultimately, Rodríguez shows that unarmed civilian communities that have been cornered by armed conflict can use community media to repair torn social fabrics, reconstruct eroded bonds, reclaim public spaces, resolve conflict, and sow the seeds of peace and stability." (Back cover)
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"This article analyses the uses of the ‘community’ and ‘peace media’ labels in northern Uganda. It tries to assess their effect on power configurations and on the practices and the representations of media workers. In order to do so, it analyses how non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have
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penetrated the local media and have modified the rules of the game, in terms of access to resources and protection from repression, but also in terms of the definition of professionalism. It shows how a local radio station, Mega FM, has managed to negotiate its dependence on the state and on international NGOs, including how it has succeeded in dominating the local media market, by embracing these media models. Finally, all these dynamics are illustrated and nourished by a shift in the professional values: the media workers now value the ‘responsibility’ of the media understood as a support to the peace process." (Abstract)
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"Betrachtet man die Beliebtheit und den Hörerzuspruch für Loke Pol, kann man von einem Erfolg des Programmes sprechen. Auch wenn einige Aspekte des Senders Mega FM wie die quasi-Monopolposition die Rezeption des Programmes begünstigen, zählt Loke Pol sowohl in den Augen der Produzenten, angesich
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ts der prominenten Platzierung im Programmplan, und auf der Seite der Hörer durch die hohen Einschaltquoten und hohe Sendungskenntnis zu den populären Formaten. Obwohl insgesamt Nachrichtensendungen häufiger eingeschaltet werden, ist Loke Pol für Informationen zu den beiden Themenkomplexen der Sendung, Reintegration und Rücksiedlung, als Informationsquelle relevanter. Informationen vermittelt über Loke Pol sind für die Hörer zugänglicher und können leichter in Handlungen übersetzt werden, wie sich besonders in den Fokusgruppendiskussionen gezeigt hat.
Daraus lassen sich drei Schlüsse ziehen. Erstens kann Loke Pol erfolgreich sein, dieser Erfolg aber nicht auf das Format EE übertragbar sein. Zweitens kann der spezielle Kontext, in dem das Programm eingesetzt wird, unterstützend wirken, aber ein ähnliches Programm wäre in einem anderen Kontext nicht erfolgreich. Drittens können Evaluationsmethoden nicht sensibel genug gewesen sein, um sämtliche Effekte zu erfassen. Schlussfolgerung Nummer eins kann sicherlich bestätigt werden. Zwar sind die Ergebnisse für Loke Pol ein Hinweis darauf, dass das EE-Format wirken kann. Jedoch ist es kein Hinweis darauf, dass es wirken muss. Effekte können nicht nur dem Format EE direkt zugeordnet werden, sondern ergeben sich erst aus dem Zusammenwirken von Sendungsformat und Kontext. Dies wird deutlich, wenn man die „Extremen“ bei den Hörergruppen, nämlich Frauen, über 45-Jährige und Jugendliche betrachtet. Die zweite Schlussfolgerung trifft im Falle von Loke Pol in dem Sinne zu, dass der Kontext unterstützend auf die Rezeption und Popularität wirkt. Der Kontext, in den die Sendung eingebettet ist, unterstützt in zweierlei Form die Rezeption. Zum einen begünstigt die Ausgestaltung der nordugandischen Medienlandschaft die Loke Pol Einschaltquoten. So spielt die geringe Menge an Lokalnachrichten in den Nachrichtensendungen der Sender Gulus eine Rolle. Die einfachere Zugänglichkeit der Informationen aus Loke Pol hängt sicherlich auch nicht nur mit Formatbedingten Aspekten der Darstellung, sondern auch mit einer größeren inhaltlichen Nähe für das Alltagsleben der Hörer zusammen. Zudem wirken der offizielle Diskurs und das politische Klima fördernd auf die Unterstützung der Botschaft. Regierung und ein Großteil der NROs in Norduganda unterstützen die Rücksiedlungsprozesse." (Fazit, Seiten 75-76)
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"This guide is for trainers of media workers and government officials in the strategic communication of major development objectives. It is intended to improve the skills of media practitioners and policy makers by helping them create and disseminate policy information in ways which are accessible t
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o different constituents. It also highlights the importance of giving citizens space to react, comment and interact with policy decisions in real and creative ways. As such the guide is at the centre of a regional project set up by the conflict transformation NGO Search for Common Ground (www.sfcg.org), and supported by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Finnish Government. The project, 'Radio: A Platform for Peacebuilding (RAPP)', which includes the website www.radiopeaceafrica.org, covers seven West and Central African countries. The project's overall objective is, to improve the population's access to information about policies and decisions that affect their lives [...] The RAPP project has undertaken media sector mappings in the seven countries. Media sector mapping (MSM) is a tool that identifies how information is generated and communicated to citizens and how they in turn use this information to participate in the implementation of government policies. The findings of the MSMs suggest that few governments are successfully communicating their major development policies to the citizens. They therefore run the risk that the policies will never take hold, and the essential reforms will not occur, so increasing the risk of conflict. Once citizens are able to become involved in policy decisions and programmes which affect their lives, rather than being viewed and treated as the simple (and grateful) recipients of largesse from above, these policies take on a more meaningful existence - one in which strategies are created, and decisions are made by the people who are most affected by them. In this model strategic communication becomes a key component of the development process, meaning that communication is a dialogue, from the government to the people and from the people to government (vertical communication), as well as allowing for communication across society from one community to another (horizontal communication)." (Introduction)
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This report details the results of the first year of a two-year impact assessment being conducted on the Interactive Radio for Justice project at its sites of operation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Central African Republic (CAR). Interactive Radio for Justice is a project designed t
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o encourage dialogue between people in regions where the International Criminal Court (ICC) is investigating serious crimes (genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes) and the national and international authorities responsible for rendering justice to them. The project produces a number of serial radio programmes dealing with child soldiers, peace and reconciliation, and justice which broadcast over community radio in several languages.
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"Peace and Development Network Trust- Kenya (PeaceNet-Kenya) and The Seed Institute commissioned the “Nurturing Nationhood through Peace Media” study to assess the extent to which Vernacular/Community Radio stations cover peace programmes. The study gauged perceptions of audience as well as syst
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ematically quantified media content on indicators such as accuracy, fairness, objectivity and independence. As part of PeaceNet Kenya’s role in peace building and Conflict resolution, the research sought to evaluate variables such as: the depth of coverage of conflict issues, percentages of order restorers’, and the radio trends in addressing restorative justice in Kenya as well as the cultural transformation fronted by the media." (Introduction)
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"Ce guide est destiné à des facilitateurs, qui enseignent la communication stratégique à des professionnels des médias et à des représentants de gouvernements pour atteindre des objectifs de développement. Il a pour but d’améliorer les compétences des professionnels des médias et des d
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cideurs politiques en matière de production et de diffusion d’information sur le thème des réformes politiques pour que cette information soit accessible à tous. Ce guide souligne aussi l’importance de donner aux citoyens la possibilité de réagir et de donner leurs avis sur les réformes politiques, et d’interagir avec les représentants politiques de manière réelle et créative." (Introduction, page 4)
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"There are many examples in Nepal of radio programs helping in peace building. A few of these examples are included in this book. The personal stories of the radio producers are as interesting and inspiring as the examples of positive impacts their radio programs had in their societies. Success stor
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ies like these boost our confidence with working in peace building." (Publisher's Note, page 1)
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"This training guide explains what a target audience is, why a target audience should be defined for every radio programme, and how conflict and target audience sensitive journalism can contribute to peace building in conflict and post-conflict regions. It emphasises the need to define a target audi
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ence, ie "a group of people which probably shares many of the same beliefs, the same ideas or the same values, and which may live or work in similar circumstances and environments", to ensure that the programme can be tailored to the various groups involved in a conflict. As a practical approach, the guide provides a step-by-step checklist of questions that need to be considered when producing programmes, for instance: what is the programmes' objective, who is the primary/secondary target audience, who is - in contrast - the target group, and when does the target audience listen? Furthermore, the publication introduces methods for evaluating conflicts, eg, the conflict tree, or for defining the target audiences' knowledge and beliefs, such as the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). The guide is a useful starting point for those who work in areas with a high potential for conflict and who wish to learn more about ways to reach conflicting groups." (commbox)
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"For almost twenty years, United Nations peacekeeping missions have set up local radio stations in conflict-prone countries - 14 to date, seven of which remain in operation. According to this report, some of the fourteen peacekeeping radio stations implemented by the United Nations contributed more
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to democratisation and media development in certain post-conflict countries than any other media assistance programmes. Surveys have confirmed their popularity and credibility with national audiences, and local journalists have lauded their contributions to media diversity and journalism standards. Nevertheless, Bill Orme states that the UN radios were created without long-term planning. Upon disappearance of UN peacekeeping missions the stations were simply closed, therefore losing their positive effects on democratisation and plurality. Only in Sierra Leone and the Democratic Republic of Congo (Radio Okapi) were there serious attempts to continue the stations after the exit of the UN missions. Based on detailed description and analysis of the different experiences, Orme formulates a number of policy steps that would help UN radios to become lasting contributions to press freedom and peacekeeping." (CAMECO Update 2-2010)
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"This publication provides examples of the way in which media can be used for the non-violent management of regional conflicts. Practitioners from radio initiatives in Chad, Niger, Mali and the Democratic Republic of Congo report their experiences regarding the function and perception of the media i
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n both conflict management and the promotion of peace. The publication also shows the different contexts in which radio may be used to supply the largely illiterate population with basic information (in Niger) or as a platform for political debate (Southern Chad). The reports from the field are complemented by conceptual considerations on media in conflict-prone societies." (CAMECO Update 4-2009)
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"This five-page report details the results of an evaluation of four community radio stations in rural Sierra Leone and Liberia. The evaluation focused on areas still struggling to achieve meaningful development in a post-conflict setting and was designed to assess the relationships between drivers o
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f development and community radio stations. The study found that community radios are significantly impacting development in their communities via relationships with local and international non-governmental organisations (NGOs).
The study included an analysis of current radio programming for its impact on local development processes, while an audience survey and focus groups were used to better understand audience perceptions and uses of local radio. Stations were also evaluated on their capacity as independent development agents with an eye towards ongoing peacebuilding functions. According to the report, the impact of community radios falls into two categories: support for programme implementation leading to improved efficacy, broader reach, accountability, and community feedback; and regular airing of education and awareness programming - yielding results in changing attitudes and behaviours. The study found that the community stations had a positive and engaged relationship with local government as well as civil society organisations. Overall, the study found that community radio plays a central role in disseminating information related to development and in improving development outcomes through partnerships at all levels.
The study found that sensitisation and awareness programmes were often cited as audiences' favourites, as was interactive, public forum programming. A majority of listeners credited community radio stations with improving basic living conditions and encouraging an attitude of community responsibility and pride. Audiences also expressed a desire for expanded broadcast times. Station leadership was found to be the single overriding factor determining a station's impact and effectiveness.
According to the report, the stations also positively contributed to peacebuilding in their communities. Listeners reported a high impact from programmes that address peace and nonviolent conflict resolution. Community stations in all locations were also described as active participants in diffusing potential violent crises. It was found that radio helps marginalised people without access to other means of communications and was universally cited as vital in facilitating peaceful election processes.
The report concludes that community radio does play a strong role in local peacebuilding, and that radio stations' promotion of inclusive development processes has a broad impact in promoting sustainable peace. However, it also found that radio's impact is often reliant on the cooperation of government, and that community radio stations are making limited use of their power as media outlets to compel government participation in media." (https://www.comminit.com)
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"Este informe da cuenta parcial de la investigación sobre procesos de comunicación comunitaria y ciudadana y su aporte a la paz y la transformación social en el Magdalena Medio colombiano. Fue adelantada por un grupo interdisciplinario de docentes de cuatro universidades (dos colombianas: U. Jave
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riana y U. del Norte y dos norteamericanas: U. de Oklahoma y U. British Columbia), en unión con una red regional de radios comunitarias. La investigación permitió explorar instrumentos cualitativos y participativos que ayudaron a apreciar el papel relevante y central de una tecnología de comunicación, como la radio comunitaria, en manos de una sociedad civil que se esfuerza por buscar la paz." (Resumen)
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"I have primarily looked at how Radio Selam, an Ethiopian peace radio programme run by the local Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus (EECMY), might have been constrained by four spheres of influence. The spheres I looked at encapsulated certain organizational, individual, economic and politica
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l influences. Given my number of corroborating sources and the similarities to research presented in the theory chapter, I feel I have shown that it is plausible that all four spheres generally influence and also constrain the project." (Conclusion, page 110)
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