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Case Study on ICT and Human Rights (Policies of EU)

Rikke Frank Jørgensen, Anja Møller Pedersen, Wolfgang Benedek, Reinmar Nindler

European Commission (2017), x, 95 pp.

"The first part of the study focuses on the EU’s internal policies in the field of online content regulation. Drawing on case-studies of three EU directives – Directive 2000/31/EC on e-commerce, Directive 2011/93/EU on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child porn ... ography and Directive 2004/48/EC on intellectual property rights enforcement – the study seeks to illustrate how dealing with alleged illegal content through blocking, filtering and take-down of content within co- and self-regulatory frameworks shaped around ‘Internet intermediaries’ challenge freedom of expression and information. The directives presuppose, accept or encourage self-regulation and, combined with schemes of limited liability, subject the intermediaries to an increasing pressure to implement public policy in the online domain. However, these practices and their limitations to freedom of expression are rarely framed as human rights issues, nor do they have the required safeguards. Based on analysis of the EU directives, the study explores the weaknesses – seen from a human rights perspective – of the European approach towards tackling illegal content on the Internet. The study provides a number of suggestions to ensure that the EU addresses the human rights implications of co- and self-regulation, including the strengthening of safeguards and guidance for Member States and intermediaries to implement the said EU policy. Also, the study calls for a comprehensive EU freedom of expression and information framework, covering both its internal and external policy. In line with this, the EU should consider the freedom of expression and information implications of current and new policies when reviewing them according to the Digital Single Market Strategy. The second part addresses the external policies of the EU with a focus on the protection and support of Human Rights Defenders using digital means (‘Digital Defenders’). For this purpose, EU policies and instruments of relevance for Digital Defenders are analysed, including the implementation of the Internet Freedom Strategy and the No Disconnect Strategy. The programmes under the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights are reviewed with respect to their relevance for human rights activities online, taking into account the recent EU Guidelines on Freedom of Expression Online and Offline. This part of the study also explores the related issues of the safety of journalists (which are often citizen journalists), export control of surveillance technology by the EU Member States and the cooperation with other international organisations active in the field of online rights. Proposals are offered on how to improve the general environment for Digital Defenders and their right to freedom of expression and information, and how to improve the coherence of EU action in this field. The newly created Human Rights Defenders Mechanism can play a pivotal role in this regard, as could updated EU Guidelines on human rights defenders." (Executive summary) more

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Freedom of Expression and Violence Against Journalists

Radu Florin Geamanu

Lex ET Scientia International Journal (LESIJ), volume 2 (2017), pp. 118-135

"This study will contain an analysis on the international and regional standards in the field of freedom of expression, as stipulated in the United Nations conventions and in the European Convention of Human Rights. Further we will establish a link between the breach of the freedom of expression whe ... more

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Training Manual on Litigation of Freedom of Expression in East Africa

Media Legal Defence Initiative (MLDI) (2015), 62 pp.

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Free Speech and Censorship Around the Globe
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Péter Molnár (ed.)

Budapest; New York: Central European University Press (2015), x, 552 pp.

"This is a book about free speech narratives. Stories about how imagination and rational thinking in wildly different cultures capture, imagine, and conceptualize what freedom of speech means. 1989 and 2011 are only two recent (in historic perspective) turning points when freedom of speech and freed ... more

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EU Guidelines on Freedom of Expression Online and Offline

European Union (2014), 27 pp.

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Freedom of Expression Toolkit

Paris: UNESCO (2013), 83 pp.

"The Freedom of Expression Toolkit is UNESCO’s contribution to freedom of expression and it is written with upper high school students in mind. The Toolkit covers the major concepts and issues and it is written in an easy to understand, conversational manner [...] Overall, the Toolkit consists of ... more

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Freedom of Expression and the Internet

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression (2013), v, 81 pp.

"In this document the Office of the Special Rapporteur endeavors to make available to all States in the region, general principles for the protection of the right to freedom of thought and expression online. These principles are intended to provide guidance to governments, legislative and regulatory ... more

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Hate Speech and Freedom of Expression in South Africa

Johannesburg: Freedom of Expression Institute (FXI);RAITH Foundation (2013), 32 pp.

"The Freedom of Expression Institute sought to prepare a module on Hate speech in South Africa with the aim of providing basic insight on the framework of hate speech as an aspect of freedom of expression to individuals, communities, social groups and civil society in general. This comes out of the ... more

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Commitments: Freedom of the Media, Freedom of Expression, Free Flow of Information, 1975-2011

Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE);OSCE, 2nd ed. (2011), 38 pp.

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War of Words: Conflict and Freedom of Expression in South Asia

London: Article 19 (2005), 241 pp.

"This study considers the conflicts in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka, primarily looking at restrictions, highlighting similarities and differences and drawing some general conclusions about the ways in which authorities and combatants restrict freedom of expression. It also sets out international stand ... more

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Practical Guide for Journalists

Paris: Reporters Without Borders;UNESCO (2002), 104 pp.

"This guide is both ambitious and modest. Ambitious because it wants to help journalists working in war situations. Modest because we have no miracle solution to offer. But the suggestions you will find in this guide, based on an all too often ignored common sense, should help many reporters to stee ... more

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Droit, déontologie et éthique des médias

André Linard

Bertrand Scirpo (collab.)

Paris: Groupe de recherche et d’échanges technologiques (GRET) (1998), 164 pp.

"Ce manuel est destiné à apporter aux journalistes et à leurs employeurs les données essentielles pour comprendre ou pratiquer un journalisme pertinent et responsable, respectueux des limites légales et morales nécessaires à l'exercice de cette profession, tout en dénonçant les abus dont il ... more

Free Speech and Censorship Around the Globe Top Insights

Free Speech and Censorship Around the Globe
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