"A febrero de 2016 existen 5.684 estaciones de radio y televisión a nivel nacional. Los titulares con el mayor número de estaciones son el Instituto Nacional de Radio y Televisión del Perú (IRTP) con 393 estaciones de televisión, y en radio, la Asociación Cultural Bethel con 130 estaciones. So
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lo existen 3 estaciones de radio con finalidad comunitaria en todo el Perú. Existe un total de 131 titulares de radio y televisión pública-estatal, pertenecientes a gobiernos regionales, locales y universidades públicas. El 88% son de municipalidades. Los titulares de servicios de radio y televisión que no presentaron Código de Ética y los que se acogen al Código de Ética del MTC representan el 83%. Durante el 2015 fueron sancionados 214 titulares de radio y televisión a nivel nacional, acumulando un total de 223 sanciones y 278 infracciones. Por incumplimiento del Código de Ética y el Horario Familiar solo se registró una infracción." (Pág. web CONCORTV)
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"The purpose of this publication, which has been taken care of by our partner institution IViR of the University of Amsterdam, is to provide an overview of the often disparate information concerning regional audiovisual media in Europe and to serve as a first reference point for those interested in
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exploring their legal and operational dynamics. The introductory part sets the scene for the scope of the report and presents the most recent regulatory achievements at European level. The first part of the report opens with a survey of the current national developments, highlighting those countries where governments have been particularly active in implementing reforms in recent years, touching upon funding systems, advertising and information windows, must-carry mechanisms and frequency allocation. The different national experiences have recently been assessed under the Media Pluralism Monitor promoted by the EU. The results show that none of the countries have fulfilled all of the safeguards considered by the tool. In addition, it points out that despite the availability of legislation on regional media in most countries, only a small number of them seems to have implemented it effectively. A snapshot is provided of regional and local television in Europe from a market perspective, with country by country data on public and private broadcasters from the MAVISE database of the European Audiovisual Observatory, including specific information on language channels, regional windows and studios. The second part of the report explores a selection of national case-studies. The total variety of solutions does not allow for a sensible comparative analysis, so the purpose of this selection is rather to collect the countries that show distinctive or interesting features in their regulatory approaches. The selected countries – Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, France, Spain, Switzerland and United Kingdom – present a canvas of possible solutions to the challenges that regional media are facing in the current times of economic crisis and digital convergence. While findability and visibility of regional media within the wide media offer that exists in all European countries is still one of the major obstacles for regional broadcasters to be known and consequently to be consumed, several examples of good practices can be traced while looking at the various national experiences." (Foreword, page 1-2)
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"A estrutura de oligopólio na televisão brasileira consolidou-se nos anos 80 e pouco variou até os dias de hoje, sendo marcada basicamente pelo estabelecimento de um sistema central de poucas redes nacionais privadas (Globo, SBT, Bandeirantes e Manchete, depois substituída pela RedeTV!) e tendo
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tido apenas a chegada da Record e da EBC como mudança representativa .. podemos concluir que um passo fundamental para a democratização da comunicação seria dado caso o Estado assumisse seu papel de regulador e garantidor de direitos. Existem leis e propostas que apontam no sentido da desconcentração, como a da regionalização da produção e do funcionamento efetivo de um Conselho Nacional de Comunicação, como lócus privilegiado de diálogo com os diferentes grupos sociais. Tais medidas, entretanto, não têm sido colocadas em prática." (Conclusão, página 20)
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"Mass communication has long been recognized as an important contributor to national identity and nation building. This book examines the relationship between media and nationalism in Israel, arguing that, in comparison to other countries, the Israeli case is unique. It explores the roots and evolut
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ion of newspapers, journalism, radio, television, and the debut of the Internet on both the cultural and the institutional levels, and examines milestones in the socio-political development of Hebrew and Israeli mass communication. In evaluating the technological changes in the media, the book shows how such shifts contribute to segmentation and fragmentation in the age of globalization." (www.berghahnbooks.com)
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"Das Fernsehen ist für die Menschen in Russland die wichtigste politische Informationsquelle. Nach einer kurzen Periode der Freiheit Anfang der 1990er Jahre ist es erneut zum zentralen Pfeiler geworden, auf den die Staatsorgane ihre Macht stützen. Die drei größten Kanäle Perwyj Kanal, Rossija u
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nd NTV werden landesweit kostenlos ausgestrahlt und gehören entweder direkt dem Staat oder kremlnahen Oligarchen und Konzernen. Die Monopolstellung der staatlichen Sender stützt sich auf ein noch aus sowjetischer Zeit stammendes Übertragungssystem, das fast alle Haushalte des riesigen Landes erreicht. Unabhängige Medien, die sich mit teilweise scharfer Kritik an den Machthabern profilieren, erreichen hingegen nur einen sehr geringen Teil der Bevölkerung. Auf dem Fernsehmarkt ist dies einzig der Privatsender TV Doschd, der sich im Dezember 2012 vergeblich darum bemühte, in das landesweite Übertragungssystem aufgenommen zu werden. Er ist nur über einige Kabelnetze und Satelliten sowie über das Internet zu empfangen. Online-Angebote wie die von TV Doschd oder der kritischen Internetzeitungen lenta.ru und gazeta.ru erreichen weniger als ein Prozent der Bevölkerung. Ähnliches gilt für die im Ausland bekannte kremlkritische Zeitung Nowaja Gaseta und den Radiosender Echo Moskwy. Solange diese Medien nur ein begrenztes Publikum erreichen, liegt ihre Existenz im Interesse des Kreml: Sie können im Ausland als Beleg für die Medienfreiheit angeführt werden, im Inland wirken sie als Ventil für Unzufriedenheit und Kritik. Zur gleichen Zeit versorgen die kremlfreundlichen Nachrichten der staatlichen Fernsehsender die Bevölkerung mit der offiziell genehmigten Version dessen, was in Russland und der Welt passiert." (Zusammenfassung)
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"A state-of-the-art analysis of the situation of national television in Arab countries, addressing what Arab national broadcastings today say about public policy and political opening. The essays deal with the reforms of public broadcasting organizations and the evolution, perspectives and issues of
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national broadcasting." (Publisher description)
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"Almost 300 news channels are currently available in Europe, of which more than 170 are established in the European Union. Private channels dominate the national TV news landscape with more than 80% owned by private companies. The pan-European channels with the widest distribution in Europe are CNN
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International, BBC World News, Al Jazeera (English), Euronews (English) and RT (Russia Today). The number of news channels available over free DTT channels has increased to 43, compared to 16 four years ago." (Website European Audiovisual Observatory)
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