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Media in South Eastern Europe: Legislation, Professionalism and Associations

Yasha Lange et al.

Amsterdam: Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe, Media Task Force (2003), 56 pp.

"This document contains reports written by Media Working groups in nine countries in November 2003. The reports describe the media landscape and provide information on media legislation, journalistic professionalism, media associations and donor activities. The sections on the media landscape provid ... e a quick picture of the media in South Eastern Europe today: a high number of media outlets but far fewer sustainable and genuinely independent ones, virtually no direct governmental control but remaining influence in several key areas and a generally difficult transformation process of former state broadcasters. The information on media legislation reveals both progress and remaining difficulties. Defamation laws are strict, usually not in line with European standards and regularly abused, leading to many pending court cases and high fines. Access to Information laws are adopted in five countries, but implementation is problematic. Broadcast legislation is frequently debated and revised, regulatory bodies are insufficiently independent and public broadcasters require additional safeguarding against political influence. Professionalism is a concern. By no means only due to a lack of training, of which there has been a lot in the past years, but particularly due to structural problems. Journalists often work without proper contracts, affecting their position. They are generally low-paid and skilled people leave the profession. Young and cheap employees, sometimes preferred by owners, do not feel in a position to oppose influence on editorial policy. Lack of resources impact on quality, as there is little or no money for investigative reporting or domestic production of quality television programs. And in several cases, links between media owners and political parties affect the editorial independence. Media associations and watchdog organizations have proven tremendously important in defending press freedom and promoting quality. Several countries have seen the growth of professional and respected institutions, while in others the associations are divided, small and have limited credibility among journalists. Effective unions are generally lacking, training institutions have improved with outside support and press freedom organizations have increased strength and influence but are seeking sustainability. Finally, brief information is provided on donor assistance – much more is available in the Overview on support to the media in SEE, also prepared by the Media Task Force. Overall, outside assistance has made a great and positive difference in improving the diversity, quality and sustainability of the media. Suggestions for future support include the further strengthening of associations, in-house training rather than seminars, work on drafting and implementing media legislation (e.g. revising defamation clauses) and support to investigative journalism and domestic television production." (Overview, page 2) more

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Medien im Globalisierungsrausch: Kommt die Demokratie unter die Räder?

Jörg Becker, Karl-Ludolf Hübener, Werner Oesterheld (eds.)

Düsseldorf: DGB Bildungswerk (2003), 67 pp.

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La situation de la communication pour le développement au Niger (Etat des lieux): Tome 1

Rome: Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Alimentation et l'Agriculture (FAO); PNUD; UNICEF; Ministère de la Communication (Niger) (2003), 171 pp.

"[...] pour lutter contre les affres du sous-développement, les autorités ont entrepris de réorganiser le secteur de la communication et décidé de la mise en œuvre d’une Politique nationale de communication pour le développement. C’est ainsi que, de 2000 à 2002, le Gouvernement, en parte ... nariat avec la FAO, le Fonds des Nations Unies pour l’Enfance (UNICEF) et le Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD), a fait établir un état des lieux de la communication au Niger. A cet effet, 10 études sectorielles et thématiques ont été effectuées. Des ateliers tenus dans chacune des huit régions du pays ont per mis de recueillir la perception par les communautés de base de la problématique de la communication pour le développement. En janvier 2002, à l’issue d’un atelier national qui a regroupé plus de 200 participants, le Niger a jeté les bases d’une véritable Politique nationale de communication pour le développement (PNCD). Cette politique nationale de communication pour le développement vise à instituer un système d’implication rationnelle et pérenne de tous les moyens de communication et de tous les acteurs au processus de développement économique et social. La PNCD prend en compte les aspirations des populations à la base, les atouts et faiblesses dans la mise en œuvre des stratégies et du plan d’action aux niveaux régional et national [...] La PNCD, qui prône une approche participative, contribuera à un plus large accès des populations au débat démocratique, au renforcement du dialogue social en vue de la réalisation des pro grammes prioritaires de développement du Niger (lutte contre la pandémie du Sida, lutte contre le paludisme et la poliomyélite, promotion de la bonne gouvernance). La PNCD accordera la plus grande priorité au développement rural en appuyant les actions visant à améliorer les secteurs sociaux (santé – éducation – alphabétisation), la préservation de l’environnement, le désenclavement des zones à fortes potentia lités, l’accès des femmes et des jeunes aux moyens de produc tion ainsi qu’à la promotion d’une communication institution nelle pour appuyer le secteur. Enfin, la PNCD se veut un document de référence unique pour les partenaires au développement du Niger (pays amis, organi sations non gouvernementales, institutions, associations et groupements des producteurs) dans le cadre de leurs interven tions dans le domaine spécifique de la communication pour le développement." (Préface, page ix-x) more

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The Media Environment in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Gwyneth Henderson, Jasna Kilalic, Boro Kontic

USAID Bosnia (2003), 47 pp.

"It probably does not need saying again, but the media market in BiH is a mass. Not just because there are too many outlets fighting for an audience and seeking all too little available money, but because noone knows much with any accuracy. So claim and counter claim for audience share, coverage, ci ... more

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Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications, Volume 1, A-E

Donald H. Johnston (ed.)

New York: Academic Press (2003), 25, 618 pp.

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World Press Encyclopedia: A Survey of Press Systems Worldwide

Amanda C. Quick (ed.)

Detroit: Gale, 2nd ed. (2003), xxviii, 1285 pp.

"In these two volumes, readers will find comparative, in-depth essays on the press systems of 232 countries and/or territories. World Press Encyclopedia (WPE) is unique and valuable to users because, in addition to essays on each country’s press system, WPE also contains custommade graphs and stat ... more

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Survey of Culture and Media: Ethiopia

Ellene Mocria, Mefin Messele, Alemayehu Gebre Hiwot

Stockholm: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) (2003), 58 pp.

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Mission Report: The Media Situation in Angola. Obstacles and Possibilities

Lorraine Mkabela, Per Oesterlund, Anacleta Pereira

AMARC World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters; International Media Support (IMS); Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) (2003), 17 pp.

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Media Sustainability Index 2002: Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Europe and Eurasia

Mark Whitehouse, Theo Dolan (eds.)

Washington, DC: IREX (2003), xxi, 232 pp.

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Elektronische Medien in Kambodscha: Eine medienpolitische Analyse

Raimund Weiss

[no publisher] (2003), 31 pp.

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Médias et communications sociales au Burkina Faso: Approche socio-économique de la circulation de l'information

Serge Théophile Balima, Marie-Soleil Frère

Paris: L'Harmattan (2003), 341 pp.

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Study of Media in the North-East of Sri Lanka

Sunanda Deshapriya, Sanjana Hattotuwa

Colombo; Copenhagen: Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA); International Media Support (IMS) (2003), 46 pp.

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DRC Media Environment Assessment Report

Copenhagen: International Media Support (IMS) (2003), 21 pp.

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Media and Peace in Sudan - Options for Immediate Action: A Comprehensive Assessment of Media and Options for Media Development in Sudan

Copenhagen: International Media Support (IMS) (2003), 87 pp.

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The Potential for Community Radio in Afghanistan: Report of a Fact-Finding Mission to Afghanistan

Bruce Girard, Jo van der Spek

Comunica; Radio Reed Flute (2002), iii, 35 pp.

"This study, sponsored by the Communication Assistance Foundation, examines the potential for community-based radio in Afghanistan and identifies examples of how community radio can support initiatives for community development. The report and its recommendations are primarily intended as a resource ... more

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Internationales Handbuch Medien 2002/2003

Hans-Bredow-Institut (ed.)

Baden-Baden: Nomos, 26th ed. (2002), 1056 pp.

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The Media Situation in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan: Five Country Reports

Vienna: OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media (2002), 130, 150 pp.

"These five country reports: on Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, provide a general overview of the current state of media affairs in the country concerned, focus on media legislation and cases of harassment of journalists and provide country-specific recommendations t ... more

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Die Zivilgesellschaft in Ghana: Organisations-, Gestaltungs- und Politikfähigkeit ausgewählter ziviler Akteure (1957-1999)

Christina Seyd

Hamburg: Institut für Afrikakunde (2002), 307 pp.

"Am Beispiel von drei Verbänden, der Anwaltskammer, dem Christenrat und dem Journalistenverband, zeichnet Seyd die jeweilige Entwicklungsgeschichte nach, untersucht neben den verbandsinternen Strukturen die Fähigkeit dieser Akteure, die Hegemonieansprüche der vorangegangenen autoritären Regime z ... more

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Fact Finding/Identification Mission Report: Central Asia/Ferghana Valley Support to the Development of a Regional Media Network: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan

FRESTA (Danish Peace and Stability Fund); Pem Consult; International Media Support (IMS) (2002), 68 pp.

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Giving Voice to the Voiceless: Good Governance, Human Development and Mass Communications
Deep Insights

Pippa Norris, Dieter Zinnbauer

Cambridge, Mass.; London: UNDP Human Development Report Office (2002), 43 pp.

"The growth in electoral democracies presents many potential opportunities for human development. Yet in practice transitional and consolidating democracies often remain fragile and incomplete, lacking strong institutions essential for effective voice and accountability, including freedom of express ... ion and widespread opportunities for civic engagement. What can be done to strengthen democratic development and, in particular what is the role of the media in this process? Part I suggests that the mass media will have a positive impact on good governance and human development if they function effectively as a watchdog holding the powerful to account and as a civic forum facilitating a diversity of voices in public debate. Yet in practice the press is often limited in these roles. Liberal theories have long stressed the importance of an independent fourth estate as a check on the abuse of power. The study theorizes that this is necessary but not sufficient, in particular media systems strengthen good governance and promote positive development outcomes most effectively under two conditions: (i) where there is an unfettered and independent free press, [...] Part II operationalizes this typology then compares media systems around the world. Part III examines the cross-national evidence for the impact of these patterns. The study confirms that media systems characterized by widespread mass access and by an independent press are most closely associated with systematic indicators of good governance and human development. In particular, nations with these types of media system experience less corruption, greater administrative efficiency, higher political stability, and more effective rule of law, as well as better development outcomes such as higher per capita income, greater literacy, less economic inequality, lower infant mortality rates, and greater public spending on health. Part IV provides detailed case studies illustrating this relationship in particular countries. The conclusion considers the policy implications, suggesting practical steps to strengthen the channels of mass communications in poorer societies lacking either widespread access or freedom of the press." (http://www.escuelapnud.org) more

Giving Voice to the Voiceless: Good Governance, Human Development and Mass Communications Deep Insights

Giving Voice to the Voiceless: Good Governance, Human Development and Mass Communications
Deep Insights