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Media Freedom, Press Freedom
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Media Law & Regulation
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28
Television
17
Media & Communication Policies
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Politics and Media
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Media Ownership
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Journalism
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Press
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Audiences & Users
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Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
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Internet
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Democracy / Democratization and Media
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Radio
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Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
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Social Media
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Media, Mass Media
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Public Media, State Media
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Media Markets
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Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
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Digital Media Landscapes
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ICT Regulation
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Digital Communication, Digital Media
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News Websites & Portals
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Journalism Education & Training
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Political Transition and Media
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Advertising
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Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
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State Influence on the Media
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Democratization
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Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
4
Cinema
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Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
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Culture (General)
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Economics of Media
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Ethics in Media & Communication
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History of Media & Communication
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Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
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Politics
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Propaganda
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Newspapers
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Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
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Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
3
Intellectual Property
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Violence Against Journalists & Media Personnel
3
Public Relations
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Popular Cultures
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Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
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Development and Media
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Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
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Codes of Journalistic Ethics
3
Satellite Television
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Journalists
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News Agencies
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Human Rights
3
Human Rights Violations
3
Licensing of Media
3
Music
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Government
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Influence of Media on Politics
3
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
3
Media Effects
3
Television Programmes & Genres
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Access to Media & Information
2
Media & ICT Use in Authoritarian Regimes / Dictatorships
2
Election Campaigns
2
Film Industries
2
Public Film Policies, Film Legislation, Public Film Funding
2
Communication Rights
2
Government Communication Strategies
2
Alternative Communication & Media
2
Alternative Press
2
Cultural Identity
2
Mass Cultures
2
Subcultures
2
Social Change & Media / Communication
2
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
2
Social Media in Political Communication
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Information Society
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Diaspora Media
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Racism in Communication & Media
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Media Monopolies & Oligopolies
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Political Economy of Media
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Education and Communication / Media
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Training
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History of Radio
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International Communication
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Foreign Correspondents
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Foreign News, International News
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International News Flow
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Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
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Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
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Business & Economics Journalism
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Election Reporting
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Media Assistance
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Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
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Radio Landscapes
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Television Landscapes
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Civil Rights
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Television Law & Regulation
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Political Resistance
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Political Systems
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Democracy
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National Identity & Media, Nationalism & Communication
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Television Production
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Media Reception
2
Islam and Communication
2
Research in Media & Communication
2
Society
2
Apartheid
2
Social Change
2
Informatics
2
Mobile Phones, Smartphones
2
Commercial Television
2
Theories of Communication & Media
2
Youth and Media
2
Access to Information Laws, Right to Information Regulation
1
Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities
1
Flow of Information
1
Government Advertising, State Advertising
1
Land Property, Land Grabbing, Land Reforms
1
Media Use: Families
1
Mobile Phone Use
1
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
1
Television Consumption, Televison Use, Television Audiences
1
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
1
Books
1
Book Policies (National & International)
1
Book Publishing
1
Digital Media Campaigns
1
Catholic Church
1
Catholic Media
1
Children and Media
1
Children's Television Programmes
1
Comics, Cartoons, Caricatures
1
Christian Communication
1
Communication Pastoral, Media Pastoral
1
Sects
1
Liberation Theologies
1
Action & Adventure Films
1
Horror Films
1
National Cinemas, National Film Production
1
Videos
1
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
1
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
1
Freedom of Expression
1
Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
1
Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
1
Indirect Censorship, Soft Censorship
1
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
1
Secret Services, Intelligence Services
1
Self-Censorship
1
Strategic Communication Planning
1
Community Media
1
Community Radios
1
Community Reporters, Media Volunteers
1
Traditional Communication
1
International Conflicts
1
Hate Speech Legislation & Regulation
1
Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Human Security Reporting
1
Information Warfare, Psychological Warfare
1
Internet / ICTs and Conflicts
1
Jamming
1
Violence in the Media
1
Violence in the Media: Reception & Effects
1
Violence in the Media: Effects on Youth
1
War Reporting
1
Contents of Media
1
Theatre
1
Cultural Domination, Media Imperialism, Cultural & Media Dependency
1
Cultural Development
1
Cultural Influence
1
Cultural Processes
1
Cultural Pluralism
1
Cultural Studies
1
Literature
1
Radio for Development
1
Convergence of Media
1
Cybercrimes
1
E-Governance, E-Democracy
1
Internet / Social Media Law & Regulation
1
Online Communication
1
WeChat (Messaging, Social Media & Mobile Payment App, China)
1
Financing Digital / Online Media
1
Online Radio, Internet Radio, Radio Streaming
1
Facebook
1
TikTok
1
Ethnic / Minority Online Communities & Websites
1
Digital Economies, Digital Societies
1
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
1
Online Learning, E-Learning
1
ICT Effects & Impact
1
ICT Policies
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Earthquakes, Floods, Tsunamis, Natural Disasters
1
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
1
Press Distribution
1
Media Industries
1
Music Industries & Markets
1
Entertainment Media Industries & Markets
1
Private / Commercial Media Ownership
1
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
1
Economy
1
Economic Conditions
1
Poverty & Poverty Reduction
1
Market Liberalization, Economic Liberalization
1
Neoliberalism
1
Illiteracy, Non-Literate Persons
1
Humour, Parody, Satire
1
Television Entertainment, Television Entertainment Programmes
1
Soap Operas & Telenovelas
1
Contamination, Pollution
1
Environmental Journalism
1
Environmental Protection
1
Defamation Law & Regulation
1
Responsibility
1
Gender and Media, Gender and Communication
1
Gender & Religious Communication
1
Gender Relations
1
HIV / AIDS Communication
1
Colonial Legacies
1
Colonial Period
1
Decolonisation & Independence (General)
1
History of Media: Colonial Period
1
History of Television
1
History of the Press
1
Nazism
1
Intercultural Communication, Intercultural Competencies
1
Africa: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
1
International Media & Communication Policies
1
World Information and Communication Order
1
Transnational Broadcasting, International Broadcasting
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International Radio Broadcasting, Foreign Radio Broadcasting
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UNESCO
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Exiled Journalists
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Legal Status of Journalists
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Local Journalism
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News
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News Reception
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Television News
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Political Reporting
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Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
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Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
1
African Languages
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French Language
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Local Press
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Media Assistance: Country Strategies & Experiences
1
Communication
1
Communication Systems
1
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
1
Dissemination of Information
1
Information Exchange
1
Presentation of Information
1
Public Funding & Support Policies for Media
1
Radio Policies
1
Television Policies
1
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
1
Media Law & Regulation: Constitutional Law
1
Press Law & Regulation
1
Radio Law & Regulation
1
Right to Reply, Right of Recitification
1
Media Management
1
Change & Process Management
1
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
1
Crowdfunding
1
Human Resources Development, Personnel Management
1
Marketing & Branding
1
Media Outlets, Media Associations
1
Popular Music
1
Government Policies
1
Communism, Marxism
1
Fascism
1
Hindu Nationalism
1
Political Oppression
1
Semi-Authoritarian Regimes & Defective Democracies
1
Fragile / Post-Conflict States
1
Political Communication
1
Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers, Elites
1
Public Spheres
1
Watchdog Role of the Media
1
Magazines
1
Mirror (Newspaper, Zimbabwe)
1
Radio Production
1
Public Service Broadcasting
1
Public & State Television
1
Radio Programmes & Genres
1
Commercial Radios
1
Oppression
1
Religion and Communication
1
Islamism
1
Islamic Cultures: Role of Media
1
Religion and State
1
Religious Populism
1
Analysis
1
Social Conflicts, Social Problems
1
Violence
1
Civil Society
1
Networks & Networking
1
Social Control
1
Social Justice
1
Society & Media, Media Sociology
1
Technologies, Information & Communication Technologies
1
Alternative Technologies
1
Digital Switchover
1
Computers
1
Satellite Communication Technologies
1
Open Source Software
1
Technological Change, Technological Developments, Technological Progress
1
Telecommunications
1
Regional Television
1
Al-Jazeera
1
Non-Western Communication Approaches
1
Audiovisual Communication
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
Medien im Nationalsozialismus: Deutschland 1933-1945, Italien 1922-1943, Spanien 1936-1951
Wien; Köln; Weimar: Böhlau (2007), 316 pp.
"Die Medienentwicklung und die entscheidenden Züge der nationalsozialistischen Medienpolitik werden in den Bereichen Verlagswesen, Presse und Journalismus, Rundfunk sowie Film und Kino dargestellt. Erstmals werden dabei die deutschen Entwicklungen zu jenen im faschistischen Italien und franquistisc
...
“I Can’t Do My Job as a Journalist”: The Systematic Undermining of Media Freedom in Hungary
Human Rights Watch (2024), 29 pp.
Digital Authoritarianism and its Religious Legitimization: The cases of Turkey, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and India
Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan (2023), xv, 174 pp.
"This book explores how digital authoritarianism operates in India, Pakistan, Turkey, Indonesia, and Malaysia, and how religion can be used to legitimize digital authoritarianism within democracies. In doing so, it explains how digital authoritarianism operates at various technological levels includ
...
Fair Game: The Endangered Media Space for Foreign Correspondents Inside China 2022
Brussels: International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2022), 10 pp.
"This report focuses on Beijing's efforts to control domestic reporting by resident foreign journalists. It is based on interviews conducted by the IFJ in December 2021 with 19 current or recent correspondents from nine countries, who work across print and broadcast and whose experience in China ran
...
Counter Digital Revolution, Disinformation, and Journalistic Constraints in Arab Media
Journalism Research, volume 5, issue 3 (2022), pp. 234-252
"The spread of social media platforms ushered the beginning of an unprecedented communication era, which is borderless, immediate, widespread, and defies restrictions and censorship. Digital technology aided the spread of democracy and freedom of expression and helped to overthrow some Arab regimes
...
Freedom of Expression and Media Freedoms on the Eve of the Pandemic
In: Covid-19, State-Power and Society in Europe
Neven Andjelic
Cham: Springer (2022), pp. 117-135
"The diversity of the state of media freedoms in Europe is reflected in its geography, where more liberal regimes are to be found in the north and the west of the continent where the freedoms are secured firmer in countries’ legislations, governments’ practices, and citizens’ behaviours. Some
...
A Lockdown for Independent Media? Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Media Landscape and Press Freedom in Central and Southeast Europe
Budapest: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES);N-ost Netzwerk für Osteuropa-Berichterstattung (2020), 37 pp.
"Correspondents in nine countries – Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, and North Macedonia – have analysed how the pandemic has affected to their work environment. Lockdowns have caused print media sales and advertising revenue to collapse. Media w
...
TikTok and WeChat: Curating and Controlling Global Information Flows
Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI), International Cyber Policy Centre (2020), 68 pp.
"The Chinese state has demonstrated a propensity for controlling and shaping the information environment of the Chinese diaspora—including via WeChat. The meteoric growth of TikTok has now put the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in a position from which it can shape the information environment on a
...
The Independence of the News Media: Francophone Research on Media, Economics and Politics
Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2020), xvii, 320 pp.
"This book explores the different ways Francophone research on news media has faced the challenges of dependence and independence from three complementary perspectives. The first is economics - how can sustainable business models be developed and to what extent can crowdfunding help to maintain the
...
I Know What You Mean: Information Compensation in an Authoritarian Country
International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 26, issue 3 (2020), pp. 587-608
"How do people address information deficiency caused by rigid control of information in authoritarian regimes? We argue that there exists an internally oriented information compensation approach through which people can glean extra information from official messages domestically. This approach does
...
Taking Control? Internet Censorship and Surveillance in Russia
Berlin: Reporters Without Borders (2019), 77 pp.
"The present report traces the development from the first bans on content in 2012 to the present day. It shows how critical editorial teams are put under pressure and how the authorities attempt to silence individual journalists and bloggers. It provides information about new online media that repor
...
Berichterstattung über öffentliche Proteste in Kasachstan: Medienkontrolle als Quelle politischer Macht
Zentralasien-Analysen, issue 138 (2019), pp. 2-5
"Die Berichterstattung der kasachstanischen Massenmedien über Proteste im Lande folgt einer klaren Linie. Kleinere Proteste werden ignoriert. Wenn über größere Demonstrationen berichtet wird, kommen ihre Vertreter nicht zu Wort und ihre Forderungen werden nicht erwähnt. Stattdessen werden der i
...
Mass Media in the Post-Soviet World: Market Forces, State Actors, and Political Manipulation in the Informational Environment After Communism
Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag (2018), 446 pp.
"This collection covers the major trends of the media environment of the post-Communist world and their recent development, with special focus on Russia and the post-Soviet space. The term ‘media environment’ covers not just traditional print and electronic media, but new media as well, and rang
...
New Fronts, Brave Voices: Press Freedom in South Asia 2016-17
New Delhi: International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) Asia-Pacific;South Asia Media Solidarity Network (SAMSN) (2017), 113 pp.
"South Asia is a region of enormous contrasts, but from the vastness of India to tiny and placid Bhutan, journalism faces several problems in common. The safety situation has improved in some of the countries that were racked by internal strife, but journalists remain at acute risk in India and Paki
...
Defending Journalism: How National Mechanisms Can Protect Journalists and Address the Issue of Impunity. A Comparative Analysis of Practices in Seven Countries
Top Insights
International Media Support (IMS) (2017), 250 pp.
"The research documents how, despite immense ongoing challenges, in Afghanistan, Iraq, Nepal and Pakistan, some important advances have been made to develop joint structures and innovative approaches to defend the practice of journalism. It examines the long road Colombia has followed in the establi
...
Provision, Protection or Participation? Approaches to Regulating Children’s Television in Arab Countries
Media International Australia, volume 163, issue 1 (2017), pp. 31-41
"Free-to-air channels for Arabic-speaking children expanded alongside the emergence of a few Arab national regulatory agencies with varying degrees of independence from government and powers that could potentially influence children’s channels. Even so, the rationales that inform production and ac
...
In the Service of Power: Media Capture and the Threat to Democracy
Top Insights
Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2017), 162 pp.
"In this volume of essays edited by Anya Schiffrin, media capture is shown to be a growing phenomenon linked both to the resurgence of authoritarian governments as well as to the structural weaknesses presently afflicting media markets. In this environment, political figures and economic elites are
...
Republic of Macedonia: Media Freedom in Turbulent Times. Report on the April 2017 Joint International Mission
Leipzig: European Centre for Press and Media Freedom (ECPMF);South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO);European Federation of Journalists (EFJ) (2017), 27 pp.
"This report indicates that through complex set of mechanism the previous government, as well as authorities, gave their best to fully control the media sphere with the final aim to advance and prolong their reign. These tendencies can be observed through analysing the onground work and comparing it
...
Media Politics in China: Improvising Power Under Authoritarianism
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2017), xiii, 271 pp.
"Maria Repnikova reveals the webs of an uneasy partnership between critical journalists and the state in China. More than merely a passive mouthpiece or a dissident voice, the media in China also plays a critical oversight role, one more frequently associated with liberal democracies than with autho
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