"Der Beitrag präsentiert und diskutiert die Ergebnisse einer umfassenden Befragung und mehrerer Dokumentenanalysen zu Personal-und Forschungsstrukturen sowie Lehrprogrammen in der deutschen Kommunikationswissenschaft im Hinblick auf deren „tiefe Internationalisierung“ bzw. kosmopolitische Ausri
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chtung. Darunter verstehen wir eine umfassende Anerkennung und Einbindung globaler Vielfalt in die Wissensproduktion und messen dies entlang der Inhalts- und Raumdimension des Forschungs-und Lehroutputs der Professuren und der mit ihnen verbundenen Stellenstrukturen. Die Befunde zeigen, dass die deutsche Kommunikationswissenschaft einen großen Nachholbedarf hat, was eine kosmopolitische Wissensproduktion angeht. Vor dem Hintergrund der Relevanz globaler Werte, globalen Wissens und Global Governance werden aber auch Potentiale aufgezeigt sowie hochschulpolitische Maßnahmen diskutiert, die eine inhaltliche Internationalisierung der deutschen Kommunikationswissenschaft vorantreiben können." (Zusammenfassung)
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"What are root causes of trust and distrust in media in different political contexts? How is media use shifted from one source to another with the change of political culture? What factors shape media perception across cultures and across political regimes? Are there commonalities or are they differ
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ent? Given the common instrumentalization of media in conflict environments and the growing ubiquity of political media capture, we may also ask, whether unfettered trust in media is normatively desirable under any circumstances. Put differently: Isn’t distrust a healthy response to propaganda and media manipulation? How is the concept of media literacy connected to trust or media scepticism? Do we need to be more sceptical rather than gullible? Against the backdrop of these (and other) questions, the Forum Media and Development (fome) dedicated its 2021 annual symposium to the question of trust in media, namely the question how media perception is shaped differently by different political contexts and media structures across the globe. Fome is the German platform for international media development initiatives (fome.info), a network that includes 24 organizations working towards strengthening free and independent media in developing and transitioning countries. The 2021 fome-symposium ran under the heading “Believe it or Not! Enquiries about TRUST in media (assistance)” and was organized by MiCT. The proceedings of the conference can be found online at https://fome.info/symposium-2021-documentation. Finally, this themed issue of the Global Media Journal – German Edition is curated as an extension of the conference and an effort to follow up upon some of the most pressing questions deriving from it." (Editorial)
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"The volume digs beneath the standardised and universalised veneer of professionalism to unpack routine practices and normative trends shaped by local factors, including the structural conditions of deprivation, entrenched political instability (and interference), pervasive neo-patrimonial governanc
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e systems, and the influences of technological developments. These varied and complex circumstances are shown to profoundly shape the foundations of journalism in Africa, resulting in routine practices that are both normatively distinct and equally in tune with (imported) Western journalistic cultures. The book thus broadly points to the dialectical nature of news production and the inconsistent and contradictory relationships that characterise news production cultures in Africa." (Publisher description)
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"This study shows that the use of media in Iraq is only partly based on ethno-sectarian patterns, and that the majority of media users are not naively susceptible to the views of individual media offerings. There are broadcasters that explicitly appeal to ethno-denominational target groups, and ther
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e are user groups that follow only one broadcaster in a monothematic fashion. However, the majority of the public seems to be interested in the interpretations of reality by different camps and therefore receives and compares different media offerings. As a result, it is possible that biased reporting achieves the opposite of its intended effect. Instead of gaining more support in the public for certain positions, the partisan channel loses its credibility and thus its effectiveness, as well. From this standpoint, a departure from partisan and biased reporting would be in the interest of both media users, a majority of whom are critical of biased reporting, and media producers, who would also strengthen their position in the public by attaining greater credibility. One could object here that the results of the study are based on the self-assessments and self-perception of the respondents, and therefore do not reflect real behavior but social expectations. Conversely, however, this would mean that the majority of the respondents perceive anti-sectarian use of the media as a social expectation they would like to fulfill. This too would only reinforce the conclusions stated here." (Final remarks, page 21)
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"In this chapter we have discussed a number of concrete strategies and practical examples on how to implement digital media literacy projects even in a difficult political and socio-cultural context like South Sudan. These are based in developing a holistic approach that considers citizen interactio
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n with media via the accessible vehicle of social media platforms, as an integral part of both a peacebuilding as well as literacy development strategy. From raising awareness of the direct effects of media-induced hate speech on the conflict, even for citizens who are not media literate, to the training of technical ICT, text messaging and social media skills, familiarizes people with a technology and social process such that they feel empowered to take action to move beyond conflict. Social media interaction can also be transformed from a very individual practice, into a truly social and collaborative exercise, for example through "peace jamming" or integrating social media into the many peacebuilding conferences and youth actions that regularly take place across the country. Where often the manipulation of social media with the intention to exacerbate conflict and instability comes from outside the country, learning counter-messaging skills, employing and understanding social media ethics, and identifying the vocabulary of dangerous speech can act toward occupying an undefined social media space with a language of peacebuilding, rather than leaving that space open to agents of conflict." (Conclusion)
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"In dieser Studie wird mithilfe qualitativer Fokusgruppendiskussionen mit Migranten bzw. mit Menschen mit Migrationsabsicht aus Subsahara-Afrika (i) nach Motiven für Migration, (ii) nach der Nutzung von Informationen und dem Wissen über Migration sowie (iii) nach der Rolle von Projekten der intern
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ationalen Zusammenarbeit im Kontext von Migration gefragt. Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung ist die Annahme, dass Push-/ Pull-Modelle Migrationsprozesse nur unzureichend beschreiben; diese aber in der Politik häufig eingesetzt werden, um Fluchtursachen zu erklären und mögliche Wege ihrer Bekämpfung aufzuzeigen. Insgesamt wurden 17 Fokusgruppendiskussionen mit Befragten aus neun Ländern in Subsahara-Afrika im Zeitraum März bis Mai 2017 durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nicht nur „klassische“ Push-Faktoren bei Migrationsentscheidungen eine Rolle spielen, sondern auch sozialer Druck durch die Familie, die an die Migration eines Familienmitgliedes bestimmte Erwartungen knüpfen. Dies führt dazu, dass Rückkehrer, die diesen Erwartungen nicht gerecht werden, häufig unter sozialer Ausgrenzung leiden. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Befragungen, dass Migranten besser über Risiken der Migration informiert sind als in der Öffentlichkeit gemeinhin angenommen wird. Dazu gehört zum Beispiel das Wissen über Gefahren auf der Flucht sowie das Risiko, im Ausland scheitern zu können. Ein weiteres Ergebnis der Untersuchung ist, dass die Reichweite von Projekten der internationalen Zusammenarbeit mit Schwerpunkt Migration weiter ausbaufähig ist und auch das Image von zentralen Akteuren dieses Bereichs verbesserungswürdig." (Zusammenfassung)
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"At the forefront in its field, this Handbook examines the theoretical, conceptual, pedagogical and methodological development of media literacy education and research around the world. Building on traditional media literacy frameworks in critical analysis, evaluation, and assessment, it incorporate
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s new literacies emerging around connective technologies, mobile platforms, and social networks. A global perspective rather than a Western-centric point of view is explicitly highlighted, with contributors from all continents, to show the empirical research being done at the intersection of media, education, and engagement in daily life. Structured around five themes—Educational Interventions; Safeguarding/Data and Online Privacy; Engagement in Civic Life; Media, Creativity and Production; Digital Media Literacy—the volume as a whole emphasizes the competencies needed to engage in meaningful participation in digital culture." (Publisher description)
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"The present report summarizes the results of a media use study that was conducted in autumn 2014 in the Ugandan districts of Kampala, Mbale, Lira, Pader and Gulu. The study consists of a quantitative survey of more than 650 survey respondents, as well as six qualitative focus groups with a total of
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45 participants. The target population was children and young people between 13 and 24 years of age. The results show that radio is still the most important medium in Uganda today. 94.6% of the participating young people from the aforementioned districts have access to a radio. There are, however, signs of a change in trend. Three quarters of the respondents also have access to a TV set, meaning television is no longer a minority media form in Uganda." (Executive summary)
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"Vor dem Hintergrund der Flüchtlingsdebatte in Deutschland 2015 wird in diesem Beitrag danach gefragt, welche (Massen-)Kommunikationskanäle Flüchtlinge vor, während und nach der Flucht nutzen, um sich über migrationsrelevante Themen zu informieren und sich darüber mit anderen Migrationswillige
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n auszutauschen. Dabei wird nicht nur die Frage nach der subjektiven Bewertung der genutzten Quellen gestellt, sondern auch untersucht, ob die Flüchtlinge eine informierte Entscheidung in den verschiedenen Phasen der Migration treffen. Auf Basis des Uses-and-Gratifications-Ansatzes und der Handlungstheorie (symbolischer Interaktionismus) wurden zwischen November 2015 und Februar 2016 vier Fokusgruppen und 36 Tiefeninterviews mit syrischen und irakischen Flüchtlingen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass sich die befragten Flüchtlinge vor und während der Flucht gut informiert fühlten, da persönliche Kontakte und soziale Medien die Informationsbedürfnisse weitgehend befriedigen konnten. Informationsdefizite zeigten sich vor allem nach der Ankunft in Deutschland." (Abstract)
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"In Syria, television is the dominant media type with high usage and availability rates in all areas studied. Television is followed by online media, print media, and finally radio. Media aligned with the Syrian government are leading in government-controlled areas, and opposition-aligned media are
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leading in opposition areas. There are indications that media not clearly aligned with a particular camp have a following across the board. Pro-government and opposition audiences are deeply divided in their media following and in their perceptions about their communities. Being open to both media camps does not always translate into a stronger critical view of the media. Syrian audiences are confident that they are well-informed about the general geopolitical situation, but sometimes express less confidence that they are receiving adequate information regarding immediate local affairs." (Main findings, page 2)
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"For decades international radio broadcasters on the African continent were considered the tools of Western imperialism, ideological weapons in the Cold War. Yet international broadcasters also provided a crucial, alternative supply of information in times of state monopoly of the media and when the
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re was a lack of freedom of expression. Over the past 20 years, the media have become more open and numerous in the countries of French-speaking Africa and, as a result, international broadcasters have had to redefine their strategies. Based on expert interviews, this study examines the positioning of “historically established” international radio broadcasters by looking into the strategies of 2 of them, Radio France Internationale and Deutsche Welle." (Abstract)
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"Using the case of the hybrid media system of Uganda and Schimank’s approach of agent-structure dynamics, this article argues that media freedom and journalists’ autonomy first and foremost depend on society’s expectations of the media system. Closely linked to those informal structures of exp
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ectations which are path and time dependent, journalists’ room for manoeuvre is limited by the resources allocated to individual and collective media actors. In a first step and following Schimank’s approach, the article presents a category system that could drive the analysis of media freedom in Uganda and beyond. The empirical study is based on research material consisting of 30 expert interviews, two elite round tables on site in Uganda and documents. This material shows that both journalists’ working conditions and (related to this and even more important) their perception among the ruling elites, public administrations and those governed, limit media freedom. It is precisely the media’s relative societal position which allowed the government to implement a system of media laws and media regulation authorities which creates arbitrariness and, therefore, a feeling of insecurity within the profession." (Abstract)
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"Im Fokus des ersten Teils stehen transnationale Phänomene wie die Bedeutung des Satellitenfernsehens und der Sozialen Medien sowie die Rolle von Minderheiten, Gender und Islamisten in den Medien. Diese Beiträge geben den aktuellen Stand der Forschung wieder und reflektieren diesen. Im zweiten Tei
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l des Buches werden in 18 Länderstudien – von Marokko bis zum Irak – die nationalen Besonderheiten der Medien betrachtet, die aus unterschiedlichen politischen Systemen, rechtlichen Beschränkungen, ökonomischen Voraussetzungen und der jeweiligen Soziodemographie resultieren." (Klappentext)
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"There are many good reasons to conduct audience research. But for media producers there are two particularly important ones. By knowing your audience, you can better cater to their tastes, whether they are listeners, viewers or readers. And if the media producer is able to offer the audience better
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options and respond to their wishes, it follows that the circulation or viewership will likely expand. The second reason is connected to the first. Audience research is used as the basis for the sale of advertising space – whether that is the time between TV shows on a certain channel or the back page of a newspaper. Audience research allows the media producer to tell the media planner, who is going to buy that advertising space, something about their audience: WHO is using this media product? Is it younger people? Is it men or women? Is it people who didn’t go to university? And HOW do they use this media product? Do they prefer the parts about politics or would they rather have the sports reports? And WHEN are they using this media product? For example, do they use it in the morning, before or during breakfast? Or do they use it in the evening before they go to bed? This section will give media producers some guidance as to how they can answer these questions and learn something about their own audiences." (Page 86)
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"The media culture of Syrians is strongly dominated by satellite television which is the most widely accessible type of media for Syrians across the sample. Beyond satellite television, access to media is primarily dependent on location with people in government controlled areas enjoying the best ac
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cess and people in refugee camps in Turkey being the most badly serviced. Within Syria, especially access to newspapers is strongly location dependent with anti-regime controlled areas being almost completely cut off from distribution. Where media is less widely available people rely more heavily on personal sources of information such as oral communication, mobile phones and email. When access is not an issue, as given in government controlled areas, television and the internet are the most used types of media." (Page 2)
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"Premier jalon de ce programme, cette étude, réalisée pour le compte de l’IPGL et de l’ABR par une équipe de 6 consultants locaux et internationaux, dresse un état des lieux du paysage médiatique des trois zones concernées. Il met en évidence des différences majeures entre les trois esp
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aces : déficit important de régulation du secteur au Sud-Kivu (avec de nombreux acteurs audiovisuels souvent politisés qui fonctionnent, pour la plupart, dans une grande précarité et une absence de contrôle).; espace étroitement contrôlé au Rwanda où se conjuguent le poids d’un régime fort, l’importance de l’autocensure, des problèmes éthiques et un certain dynamisme économique; bon niveau de professionnalisme et forte conscience d’utilité sociale des acteurs médiatiques du Burundi, par ailleurs très tributaires de l’appui international. L’étude permet de dégager une vingtaine de chantiers prioritaires ou axes stratégiques par rapport aux trois objectifs spécifiques formulés par la DDC. Pour l’OS1.: la formation des ressources humaines, le respect de la déontologie, les dispositifs de suivi des contenus médiatiques, l’autorégulation, la durabilité des entreprises, le renforcement des capacités techniques, le financement structurel des médias. Pour l’OS2 : la pratique du journalisme d’investigation, l’accès à l’information, la couverture des événements hors de la capitale, la prise en compte de la contribution du public par les médias, la mise en réseau des entreprises médiatiques, l’information régionale, la préparation de la couverture des élections. Pour l’OS3 : la connaissance insuffisante des textes légaux et réglementaires, la réforme du cadre légal, la professionnalisation des instances de régulation, les dispositifs de dialogue et de concertation réguliers entre autorités publiques et médias." (Résumé, page 3)
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"Why is advertising crucial for sustainability of independent media, and does it influence content? What makes advertisers choose certain media? Who within a company decides on advertising? How influential are media agencies? And how can media organisations conduct or commission audience research? T
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his publication gives straightforward answers to such fundamental questions. Advertising experts and journalists share their knowledge, based on their experiences in the Middle East and in Germany, in easy-to-understand, non-technical language, and even describe concrete steps towards clinching an advertising deal or organising an audience survey. This publication is an excellent starting point for anyone interested in familiarising themselves with the basics of advertising media planning and its relevance for sustainable media markets." (CAMECO Update 1-2015)
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"The conference, held in Mid-December, was funded by the Federal Foreign Office of Germany and UNESCO South Sudan. It consisted of two streams. One focussed on media and sustainability, the other on open data and open knowledge models. Rather than just holding lectures, the event saw working groups
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come together to discuss both themes. Three days of debate and discussion were attended by around 70 people from all over South Sudan, including senior editors and young journalists, representatives from civil society organisations as well as government officials and members of parliament, diplomats and experts. This paper documents the theme of media and sustainability. The following six chapters summarize the lively discussions between international guests – mostly Africans who presented innovative solutions from Africa, for Africa – and the local participants. The results of those discussions may contribute to creating a more sustainable media sector in the newest nation of the world. Truly independent media may be a long way off in South Sudan, but a more diverse multi-dependency seems an achievable goal in the foreseeable future. After all, nascent South Sudan still has the chance to avoid the mistakes that have damaged the plurality of expression in more developed countries. The attendees demonstrated an extraordinary commitment to overcoming those challenges." (Dear reader, page 3)
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"This volume seeks to impart a deeper understanding of the political nature of the Sudanese press. Through observation, research and analysis, it also conveys a multifaceted impression of Sudanese journalists’ working conditions. It tries to paint an authentic and differentiated picture of their s
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ituation, looking beyond stereotypes of the Sudanese press as “unfree” and hence not worthy of further research. By combining facts and figures with journalists’ personal anecdotes and opinions, I think this volume captures the complexity of the subject." (Introduction, page 5)
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