Mobile Africa: Human Trafficking and the Digital Divide
Bamenda: Langaa (2019), xviii, 739 pp.
ISBN 978-9956551132
"What happens at the nexus of the digital divide and human trafficking? This book examines the impact of the introduction of new digital information and communication technology (ICT) – as well as lack of access to digital connectivity – on human trafficking. The different studies presented in the chapters show the realities for people moving along the Central Mediterranean route from the Horn of Africa through Libya to Europe. The authors warn against an over-optimistic view of innovation as a solution and highlight the relationship between technology and the crimes committed against vulnerable people in search of protection. In this volume, the third in a four-part series ‘Connected and Mobile: Migration and Human Trafficking in Africa’, relevant new theories are proposed as tools to understand the dynamics that appear in mobile Africa. Most importantly, the editors identify critical ethical issues in relation to both technology and human trafficking and the nexus between them, helping explore the dimensions of new responsibilities that need to be defined. The chapters in this book represent a collection of well-documented empirical investigations by a young and diverse group of researchers, addressing critical issues in relation to innovation and the perils of our time." (Publisher description)
I. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
1 Black Holes in the Global Digital Landscape: The Fuelling of Human Trafficking on the African Continent / Mirjam Van Reisen, Munyaradzi Mawere, Mia Stokmans, Primrose Nakazibwe, Gertjan Van Stam & Antony Otieno Ong’ayo, 3
2 Network Gatekeepers in Human Trafficking: Profiting from the Misery of Eritreans in the Digital Era / Mirjam Van Reisen, Klara Smits, Mia Stokmans & Munyaradzi Mawere, 33
3 Bound Together in the Digital Era: Poverty, Migration and Human Trafficking / Munyaradzi Mawere, 63
4 Tortured on Camera: The Use of ICTs in Trafficking for Ransom / Amber Van Esseveld, 91
II. TRAUMATISING TRAJECTORIES
5 ‘Sons of Isaias’: Slavery and Indefinite National Service in Eritrea / Mirjam Van Reisen, Makeda Saba & Klara Smits, 115
6 Journeys of Youth in Digital Africa: Pulled by Connectivity / Rick Schoenmaeckers, 159
7 Not a People’s Peace: Eritrean Refugees Fleeing from the Horn of African to Kenya / Sophie Kamala Kuria & Merhawi Tesfatsion Araya, 187
8 Israel’s ‘Voluntary’ Return Policy to Expel Refugees: The Illusion of Choice / Yael Agur Orgal, Gilad Liberman & Sigal Kook Avivi, 209
9 The Plight of Refugees in Agadez in Niger: From Crossroad to Dead End / Morgane Wirtz, 239
10 Lawless Libya: Unprotected Refugees Kept Powerless and Silent / Mirjam Van Reisen, Klara Smits & Morgane Wirtz, 261
11 The Voices of African Migrants in Europe: Isaka’s Resilience / Robert M. Press, 295
12 Desperate Journeys:The Need for Trauma Support for Refugees / Selam Kidane & Mia Stokmans, 323
13 Identifying Survivors of Torture:“I Never Told What Happened to Me in the Sinai” / Sigal Rozen, 353
III. PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF ONGOING TRAUMA
14 Refugee Parenting in Ethiopia and the Netherlands: Being an Eritrean Parent Outside the Country / Bénédicte Mouton, Rick Schoenmaeckers & Mirjam Van Reisen, 395
15 Journeys of Trust and Hope: Unaccompanied Minors from Eritrea in Ethiopia and the Netherlands / Rick Schoenmaeckers, Taha Al-Qasim & Carlotta Zanzottera, 425
16 Refugees’ Right to Family Unity in Belgium and the Netherlands: ‘Life is Nothing without Family’ / Mirjam Van Reisen, Eva Berends, Lucie Delecolle, Jakob Hagenberg, Marco Paron Trivellato & Naomi Stocker, 449
IV. PROBLEM FRAMING
17 The Representation of Human Trafficking in Documentaries: Vulnerable Victims and Shadowy Villains / Nataliia Vdovychenko, 497
18 Language Dominance in the Framing of Problems and Solutions: The Language of Mobility / Munyaradzi Mawere, Mirjam Van Reisen & Gertjan Van Stam, 527
V. EXTRA-TERRITORIALISATION OF MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES
19 The Shaping of the EU’s Migration Policy: The Tragedy of Lampedusa as a Turning Point / Klara Smits & Ioanna Karagianni, 559
20 Sudan and the EU: Uneasy Bedfellows / Maddy Crowther & Martin Plaut, 593
21 Uncomfortable Aid: INGOs in Eritrea / Makeda Saba, 631
22 Complicity in Torture: The Accountability of the EU for Human Rights Abuses against Refugees and Migrants in Libya / Wegi Sereke & Daniel Mekonnen, 673
23 Playing Cat and Mouse: How Europe Evades Responsibility for its Role in Human Rights Abuses against Migrants and Refugees / Annick Pijnenburg & Conny Rijken, 697
1 Black Holes in the Global Digital Landscape: The Fuelling of Human Trafficking on the African Continent / Mirjam Van Reisen, Munyaradzi Mawere, Mia Stokmans, Primrose Nakazibwe, Gertjan Van Stam & Antony Otieno Ong’ayo, 3
2 Network Gatekeepers in Human Trafficking: Profiting from the Misery of Eritreans in the Digital Era / Mirjam Van Reisen, Klara Smits, Mia Stokmans & Munyaradzi Mawere, 33
3 Bound Together in the Digital Era: Poverty, Migration and Human Trafficking / Munyaradzi Mawere, 63
4 Tortured on Camera: The Use of ICTs in Trafficking for Ransom / Amber Van Esseveld, 91
II. TRAUMATISING TRAJECTORIES
5 ‘Sons of Isaias’: Slavery and Indefinite National Service in Eritrea / Mirjam Van Reisen, Makeda Saba & Klara Smits, 115
6 Journeys of Youth in Digital Africa: Pulled by Connectivity / Rick Schoenmaeckers, 159
7 Not a People’s Peace: Eritrean Refugees Fleeing from the Horn of African to Kenya / Sophie Kamala Kuria & Merhawi Tesfatsion Araya, 187
8 Israel’s ‘Voluntary’ Return Policy to Expel Refugees: The Illusion of Choice / Yael Agur Orgal, Gilad Liberman & Sigal Kook Avivi, 209
9 The Plight of Refugees in Agadez in Niger: From Crossroad to Dead End / Morgane Wirtz, 239
10 Lawless Libya: Unprotected Refugees Kept Powerless and Silent / Mirjam Van Reisen, Klara Smits & Morgane Wirtz, 261
11 The Voices of African Migrants in Europe: Isaka’s Resilience / Robert M. Press, 295
12 Desperate Journeys:The Need for Trauma Support for Refugees / Selam Kidane & Mia Stokmans, 323
13 Identifying Survivors of Torture:“I Never Told What Happened to Me in the Sinai” / Sigal Rozen, 353
III. PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF ONGOING TRAUMA
14 Refugee Parenting in Ethiopia and the Netherlands: Being an Eritrean Parent Outside the Country / Bénédicte Mouton, Rick Schoenmaeckers & Mirjam Van Reisen, 395
15 Journeys of Trust and Hope: Unaccompanied Minors from Eritrea in Ethiopia and the Netherlands / Rick Schoenmaeckers, Taha Al-Qasim & Carlotta Zanzottera, 425
16 Refugees’ Right to Family Unity in Belgium and the Netherlands: ‘Life is Nothing without Family’ / Mirjam Van Reisen, Eva Berends, Lucie Delecolle, Jakob Hagenberg, Marco Paron Trivellato & Naomi Stocker, 449
IV. PROBLEM FRAMING
17 The Representation of Human Trafficking in Documentaries: Vulnerable Victims and Shadowy Villains / Nataliia Vdovychenko, 497
18 Language Dominance in the Framing of Problems and Solutions: The Language of Mobility / Munyaradzi Mawere, Mirjam Van Reisen & Gertjan Van Stam, 527
V. EXTRA-TERRITORIALISATION OF MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES
19 The Shaping of the EU’s Migration Policy: The Tragedy of Lampedusa as a Turning Point / Klara Smits & Ioanna Karagianni, 559
20 Sudan and the EU: Uneasy Bedfellows / Maddy Crowther & Martin Plaut, 593
21 Uncomfortable Aid: INGOs in Eritrea / Makeda Saba, 631
22 Complicity in Torture: The Accountability of the EU for Human Rights Abuses against Refugees and Migrants in Libya / Wegi Sereke & Daniel Mekonnen, 673
23 Playing Cat and Mouse: How Europe Evades Responsibility for its Role in Human Rights Abuses against Migrants and Refugees / Annick Pijnenburg & Conny Rijken, 697
