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Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
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Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
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Child Protection, Protection of Minors
5
Media Literacy: Children
5
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
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Digital & Information Literacy
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Children's Television Programmes
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War Reporting
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Sexuality: Media Representation, Sexually Explicit Media Content, Pornography
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Media & Information Literacy
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Media Reception & Effects: Children
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Violence in the Media: Effects on Children
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Media Freedom, Press Freedom
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Female Journalists & Media Workers
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Foreign Correspondents
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Media Literacy: Youth
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Research in Media & Communication
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Media Use: Children
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Children and Media
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Children: Media Representation & Reporting
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Children's Media
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Videos
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Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
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Killings of Journalists & Media Personnel
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United Nations Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity
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Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
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Violence in the Media: Effects on Youth
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Internet
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Health Communication
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HIV / AIDS Communication
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Globalisation of Media
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UNESCO
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United Nations (UN)
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Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
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Public Spheres
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Radio
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Television
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Youth and Media
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Youth Media
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Access to Media & Information
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Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities
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Media Diaries
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Media Use: Youth
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Media Reception & Effects: Youth
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Child Protection Online
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Child Servitude
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Digital Media Socialisation
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Children's Rights
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Gaming: Children
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Cinema
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Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
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Self-Censorship
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Military: Communication Strategies & Practices
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Community Media
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Participatory Communication
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Boko Haram
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Humanitarian Interventions
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Iraq War (2003)
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Conflicts and Media
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Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
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Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
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Extremism & Terrorism Reporting
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Violence in the Media
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Violence in the Media: Video Games
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Arts
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Theatre for Development
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Gaming: Youth
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Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
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Communication for Social Change
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Entertainment Education, Edutainment
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ICTs and Development
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Sports Reporting
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Communication for Sustainable Development
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Ethics in Media & Communication
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Evaluation Criteria, Evaluation Indicators
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Good Practice Examples
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Indigenous Journalists & Communicators
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Intercultural Communication, Intercultural Competencies
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Intercultural Dialogue
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International Communication
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Foreign Television Programmes
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Globalisation: Impact on (Local) Media & Communication
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Glocalization of Media
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Transnational & Comparative Communication Research
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Journalism Education & Training
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Journalism Studies & Research
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Journalism Studies: Research Projects
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Journalistic Quality
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Youth: Media Representation & Reporting
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"To support joint efforts to protect journalism, there is a growing need for research-based knowledge. Acknowledging this need, the aim of this publication is to highlight and fuel journalist safety as a field of research, to encourage worldwide participation, as well as to inspire further dialogues ... more

The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression: Words of Introduction

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 11-20
"People who exercise their right to freedom of expression through journalism should be able to practice their work without restrictions. They are, nonetheless, the constant targets of violence and threats. In an era of globalization and digitization, no single party can alone carry the responsibilit ... more

Assaults against Journalists: We see the tip of the iceberg

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 119-128
"The summarised reports in this chapter show that the scope of safety and sacrifice is far greater than each actor alone or their sum can account for. Although the discussion did not offer an investigation into the USA and other mature democracies, it is clear from the survey in the European territo ... more

Freedom under Pressure: Threats to journalists’ safety in Pakistan

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 323-328
"This study aims to explore the level of journalists’ safety and investigates different types of threats that affect their work (actions) within the context (environment) of Pakistan. Drawing on the new institutionalism theory, this study posits that Pakistani journalists work in an unsafe institu ... more

Why the World Became Concerned with Journalistic Safety, and Why the Issue Will Continue to Attract Attention

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 33-44
"There is a history to why the challenge of securing safety for journalism has become a prominent issue in many parts of the world. This is partly because of increased attacks on journalists, but it is also a function of global developments that have afforded space for the issue to come to fore as a ... more

Collaboration is the future: Doing research in the network era

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 71-80
"The study of journalists’ safety around the world is one of the areas that clearly require international collaboration. This chapter highlights three distinct models of scientific collaboration: the centralized, the correspondent, and the coordinated cooperation model. The Worlds of Journalism St ... more

Explorations in an Emerging Research Field

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 141-146
"When discussing the safety of journalists, it is quite natural that the focus is foremost on practitioners: those professional journalists, citizen journalists and other media workers who report about incidents, processes and their consequences from troubled sites around the world. Their accounts o ... more

Measuring journalism safety. Methodological challenges

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 129-140
"The effectiveness of any measures taken to address the problems of journalism safety ultimately depends on our ability to understand the complex nature and dynamics of risk to journalists. Mapping the scale of the problem through the systematic collection of data on threats over time is therefore a ... more

The Dangers of Sports Journalism

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 205-220
"According to The Committee to Protect Journalists, 2 per cent of all journalists killed since 1992 worked on the sports beat. At present, however, we have limited knowledge of the specific dangers faced by sports journalists. This chapter presents findings from exploratory research on 78 reports of ... more

Journalist Killings and the Responsibility to Report

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 21-32
"More journalists are being killed and threatened around the world than at any time before. How do we account for these disturbing trends and why do journalists increasingly put themselves in harm’s way? This chapter argues that if we are to better understand the motivations of journalists and the ... more

A Country without Mercy: Afghan Journalists Caught in Crossfires

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 81-86
"In the last Afghan solar year (22 March 2015 – 21 March 2016), twelve journalists and media workers were killed, exceeding any previous year in recent history. In June 2016, the US photographer David Gilkey and his interpreter, journalist Zabihullah Tamanna, were killed in a Taliban attack in Maj ... more

Foreign correspondents and local journalists: A key newsgathering partnership, for safety and for the global public good

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 319-322
"Both long-standing and innovative partnership models suggest that collaborative newsgathering by international and local journalists has been an invaluable practice to get the news in unsafe environments and out to global audiences. As violence, often deadly and nearly always unpunished, multiplies ... more

Violence against Indigenous Journalists in Colombia and Latin America

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 191-204
"This chapter explores mechanisms and causes that put indigenous journalists at risk in Latin America. It seeks to explain the nature of “indigenous journalism” as well as the differences and similarities between “indigenous journalism” and the journalisms found in mainstream media in Latin ... more

UNESCO’s Research Agenda on the Safety of Journalists: Call for new academic research initiatives

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 103-108
"Within this global context, UNESCO is the UN agency with the mandate to advance “the mutual knowledge and understanding of peoples, through all means of mass communication” and to promote “the free flow of ideas by word and image”. UNESCO has defined press freedom as designating the conditi ... more

Internal Threats and Safety of Journalists: A Study from India

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 227-230
"Journalists face numerous threats from different stakeholders. In developing countries, internal threats coming from inside media organizations – threats that have a serious impact on the professional, economic and psychological lives of journalists – are less researched. This research is an at ... more

Australian News Photographers, Safety and Trauma

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 231-234
"This chapter illuminates new understanding about the dangers experienced by Australian news photographers on international and domestic assignments. Using oral history methodology, the interviews with 60 present and former Australian newspaper photographers revealed a litany of psychologically and ... more

Setting a New Research Agenda: The establishment of a journalism safety research network

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 109-112
"At a UNESCO research conference on the safety of journalists during the celebrations of World Press Freedom Day in Helsinki, Finland on 3 and 4 May 2016, UNESCO declared “that the Safety of Journalists paved the way for academic research cooperation”. To advance such cooperation the Centre for ... more

Safety concerns in the Nigerian media: What gender dynamics?

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 171-184
"This chapter focuses on gender dynamics in media safety in Nigeria. It critically examines the safety challenges journalists in Nigeria face in executing their duties in a country that has experienced different forms of conflicts, ranging from political instability, organized crime, terrorism, and ... more

The United Nations’ Role in Promoting the Safety of Journalists from 1945 to 2016

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 45-60
"The United Nations (UN) has played an increasing role in promoting the safety of journalists. Yet little has been done to study its work from a historical perspective. This paper explores global attempts to promote journalist safety carried out by the UN system, from its inception in 1945 until 201 ... more