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Media and Freedom of Expression

International Reports (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung), volume 37, issue 3 (2021), pp. 2-99

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How the Middle East Used Social Media in 2020

Damian Radcliffe, Hadil Abuhmaid

New Media Academy (2021), 64 pp.

"1. Social Media Users in MEA (Middle East and Africa) spend the most time on social networks, averaging over 3.5 hours per day. Internet users in the MEA have an average of 8.4 social media accounts, research reveals. UAE, with an average of 10.5 accounts, has “the highest number of social media ... more

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National Consultations on Solutions to Promote Media Viability While Preserving Media Independence: Consultations on Media Viability in Brazil, El Salvador, Indonesia, Jamaica, Lebanon, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal and Tunisia
Top Insights

Amsterdam: Free Press Unlimited (2021), 33 pp.

"The intersection between media and politics remains very strong in several countries under study. In these conditions, there is often little transparency on media ownership and a lack of transparency on local funding sources of media. Relatedly, in some cases, a change in government policies was ra ... more

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New Voices: Aswat Jadida. Ten Years of Development in Arabic Media

Issy-les-Moulineaux: CFI (2021), 65 pp.

"This work highlights ten years of support for media development in the Arab world, telling the story through photos, eye-witness accounts, journalist profiles and personal experiences. Ten years spent alongside men and women playing an active role in civil society, committed to citizen-centred, div ... more

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Palestinian Media Needs Assessment in the Context of the 2021 Jerusalem Uprising and the Gaza War

Metn: Samir Kassir Foundation (2021), 11 pp.

"While major airstrikes destroyed the office of some international media organizations such as that of Al Jazeera, local media organizations have been severely impacted. Unlike their international counterparts, local journalists do not have privileged access to protection provided by external entiti ... more

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Independent Media in Lebanon: An Economic Outlook

Metn: Samir Kassir Foundation (2021), 10 pp.

"Alternative media platforms in Lebanon vary in size and expenditures. Annual turnovers range between USD 15,000 to almost USD 1.1 million. Editorial costs make up the bulk of all alternative media platforms. Namely the salaries of core team members and journalists, as well as the fees paid to freel ... ancers, correspondents, and outside consultants/writers. Secondary costs include production equipment, rent, operation, equipment, legal fees, and technical feels. All interviewed independent platforms are non-profit. Almost all members of independent platforms are motivated primarily by their love of the job. Most independent platforms have relied on volunteering, either totally or partially, from their conception to their current stage. None of the platforms interviewed have a devoted person or team in charge of marketing and sales in the traditional sense of buying ads or working on partnerships. Partnerships are usually rare, approached informally, by word-of-mouth and networks, and decided up by editorial teams. All platforms have one person (full-timer or part-timer) in charge of marketing the platform’s own content on social media, but not advertising other brands on their own platforms, except The961. Almost all the platforms are unsatisfied with the current promotion model on social media. Most concerns are related to the clash between the platform’s values and the ethics and politics of social media platforms. Complaints also touched upon the fact that independent media have to invest time and money to create content, and then they have to pay social media to host it, rather than get paid by social media. Some platforms, such as Khateera, have adopted a pragmatic mindset from the start. “Our only objective is to get our message across to as wide an audience as possible,” they said. All media have agreed that good journalism costs money and generates very little, therefore other revenue streams are required to sustain it. All independent media interviewed have relied mostly on grants, except The961. Grants provide core funding and project-based funding. Both Daraj and Megaphone have also relied on volunteers but have shifted away from it. Sentiments towards grants vary. Most platforms in Lebanon have chosen donors that are not related to national, local or foreign authorities; donors that preserve their editorial integrity: i.e., no interference in editorial decisions and alignment with values and ethics. They all have a good relationship with their donors." (Findings, page 3) more

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Youth and Independent Media in Tunisia: Focus Group Findings

Metn (LB): Samir Kassir Foundation (2021), 6 pp.

"1. Participants used a mix of social media platforms and TV/radio to acquire news. Word of mouth was also a noteworthy source of information. Many participants expressed a distaste for comment sections. It was generally agreed that information found on social media should not be taken as truth. 2. ... more

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Youth and Independent Media in Morocco: Focus Group Findings

Metn (LB): Samir Kassir Foundation (2021), 6 pp.

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Exposed and Exploited: Data Protection in the Middle East and North Africa

Marwa Fatafta, Dima Samaro

Access Now (2021), 45 pp.

"In this report, we highlight how privacy and data protection violations by state and non-state actors are compounded by the lack of legal data protection safeguards which would obligate public entities, private companies, and international organizations to respect and adhere to data protection prin ... more

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Improved Access to Public Health Information: More Effective Responses to COVID-19 in the MENA Region

Maharat Foundation (2021), 7 pp.

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Local Media Survival Guide 2022: How Journalism is Innovating to Find Sustainable Ways to Serve Local Communities Around the World and Fight Against Misinformation
Inspiring Practice

Jacqui Park

Vienna: International Press Institute (IPI) (2021), 81 pp.

"This report is meant to share the experiences and lessons of local media practitioners globally, and to build a community for networking and support. It’s about telling their story in their own voice – and helping all involved learn from one another. By talking to both new digital start-ups and ... more

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A Comparative Study on Hate Speech and Incitement to Violence in Syrian Media. Second Monitoring Round (2020)

Syrian Center for Media and Freedom of Expression (SCM) (2021), 53 pp.

"The Syrian media of various types and geographical distribution use hate speech and incitement to Violence disproportionately. The average use of public hate speech in the Syrian media was (17.99%) as a percentage of the monitored content of the study sample, which is considered a low percentage wh ... more

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Orientalische Bilder und Klänge: Eine transnationale Geschichte des frühen ägyptischen Tonfilms

Henriette Bornkamm

Marburg: Schüren (2021), 288 pp.

"Als sich Ende der 1920er Jahre in den USA und Europa der Tonfilm durchsetzte, erkannten ägyptische Geschäftsleute dessen Potenzial für die arabische Welt. Sie erwarben innovative Tontechnik aus Deutschland und schickten ägyptische Stipendiaten zur Ausbildung nach Berlin und Paris. Nach ihrer R� ... more

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Hier und anderswo: Palästina-Israel im essayistischen Film (1960-2010)

Peter Grabher

Marburg: Schüren (2021), 423 pp.

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Das Selbstmordattentat im Bild: Aktualität und Geschichte von Märtyrerzeugnissen

Verena Straub

Bielefeld: transcript (2021), 314 pp.

"Selbstmordattentate werden seit jeher von Bildern begleitet und durch diese bestimmt. Von Märtyrerpostern über Videotestamente bis hin zu Computersimulationen und Livestreams vom Tatort - die Bildproduktionen der Milizen sind auf vielfältige Weise an der Tat beteiligt und müssen als Akteure im ... more

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Online Harassment and Abuse Against Women Journalists in the Iranian Diaspora

Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) (2021), 24 pp.

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Hybrid Media and Hybrid Politics: Contesting Informational Uncertainty in Lebanon and Tunisia

Katrin Voltmer, Kjetil Selvik, Jacob Hoigilt

International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 26, issue 4 (2021), pp. 842-860

"This paper investigates the dynamic relationship between hybrid media and hybrid politics in Lebanon and Tunisia. While previous research on the media in hybrid regimes has mainly focused on regime strategies of restricting and manipulating public debate, our analysis moves beyond repression. We ar ... more

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Cultural Production and Social Movements After the Arab Spring: Nationalism, Politics, and Transnational Identity

Ayman A. El- Desouky, Eid Mohamed (eds.)

London: Tauris (2021), xii, 250 pp.

"This book provides an original contribution to current social and cultural theory on Arab social movements by giving a fuller historical and critical treatment of contemporary artistic and cultural production from the region and beyond. Thematically structured and covering culture, media, politics, ... more

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Communications on Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss with Local Populations: Exploring Best-Practices and Postcolonial Moments in Eight Case Studies from Across the Globe

Dawud Ansari et al.

Berlin: DIW Berlin (2021), 51 pp.

"[...] in this article, we present the results of a collective self-assessment exercise for a panel of eight case studies (covering four continents) [Amazon rainforest, Brazil; Colombia; India; Bangaldesh; Egypt; Lake Manyara Basin, Tanzania; Baltic Sea, Germany; Isles of Scilly, UK] ] of communicat ... more

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Hashtag Palestine 2021

Mona Shtayeh (ed.)

Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media (2021), 29 pp.

National Consultations on Solutions to Promote Media Viability While Preserving Media Independence: Consultations on Media Viability in Brazil, El Salvador, Indonesia, Jamaica, Lebanon, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal and Tunisia Top Insights

Local Media Survival Guide 2022: How Journalism is Innovating to Find Sustainable Ways to Serve Local Communities Around the World and Fight Against Misinformation Inspiring Practice

National Consultations on Solutions to Promote Media Viability While Preserving Media Independence: Consultations on Media Viability in Brazil, El Salvador, Indonesia, Jamaica, Lebanon, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal and Tunisia
Top Insights

Local Media Survival Guide 2022: How Journalism is Innovating to Find Sustainable Ways to Serve Local Communities Around the World and Fight Against Misinformation
Inspiring Practice