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Promoting National Unity: The Role of Radio Broadcasting in the Process of Decolonisation in Namibia and Zambia

Robert Heinze

Universität Konstanz, Doctoral Thesis (2012), iv, 313 pp.

"This thesis operates from the observation that "Decolonising the Mind", i.e. a cultural decolonisation process, was needed after the independence of African countries to support and flesh out political decolonisation. Culture, as shown, played a major role in the mobilisation of support for nationa ... list movements, but after independence nationalist culture was just one among many. In both cases presented here, the most pressing issue after political independence was how to deal with the different identities that had previously existed and were onyl partially cushioned by political and cultural nationalism. Now that the political kingdom had been attained, the different language, cultural and political groups started to ask questions about their place in this kingdom. Although many politicians shared the idea that "once you have a national identity, the question of culture becomes something which flows automatically", it soon turned out to be misguided. Media and education were seen to be the major tools in "decolonising the mind". However, a close analysis of the electronic media in the two cases presented here shows that the policies for promoting national unity in programmes were largely ineffective. Instead, radio programmes, both before and after independence, provided a space to negotiate issues of national identity. This space was sometimes more, sometimes less restricted, but listeners used it as much as they could. Colonial media had, for all their focus on political control and censorship, accompanied and mediated social change. As described, this happened specifically in cultural programmes, where broadcasters were much freer in their work. However, Northern Rhodesian media were supposed to work as a catalyst to further the process of modernisation, and to help its listeners come to terms with the transition from being 'traditional' to becoming 'modern' Africans. In the Apartheid broadcasting system, culture was used consciously to construct a specific 'ethnic' identity, emphasising cultural traditions of the different language groups. But while the intentions were different, both broadcasting institutions were at the centre of negotiating ideas of tradition and modernity. Both were also established because there was a need to legitimate the respective political system. Be it the Central African Federation or a 'democratic' "South West Africa/ Namibia", the political models promoted by the authorities could not just be imposed on the people. The radios were established to give reality to these constructs, to make listeners identify with a social, political and cultural space that had been defined by colonial authorities. As shown, colonial ideologies not only surfaced in obvious propaganda programmes but also significantly determined the technical and managerial setup of the stations. While radio infrastructure was formed and reformed to structure that space – by linking three territories with different political and social power structures or, following Apartheid ideology, by assigning each language group their own space according to the homeland system – culturally as well as geographically. As shown, infrastructure mirrored the proposed political models, not just in its technical aspects (i.e., the stations' footprints, transmitting posts and frequencies), but also in management structure. As the Federal Broadcasting Services were subdivided in European and African Services, respectively catering for the whole White or Black population of all three territories, the South West African Broadcasting Corporation separated first Black and White, then subdivided the three Departments in the several language Services, each broadcasting to the designated "homeland". This infrastructure not only formed the whole process of programme production and reception but was also part of it as it imparted ideological considerations. The first order of business for independent countries was therfore to restructure the radio according to the needs of the new nations." (Conclusion, page 274-275) more

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"Citizen Access to Information": Capturing the Evidence Across Zambia, Ghana and Kenya

Gerry Power, Samia Khatun, Klara Debeljak

In: The Handbook of Global Media Research

Ingrid Volkmer (ed.)

Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley Blackwell (2012), pp. 245-275

"In this chapter, we argue that citizen access to information is a catalyst to the achievement of the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) [...] We examine how citizen access to information varies across a range of population sub-groups, different countries, and across a variety of topics and the exte ... more

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Media Law Handbook for Southern Africa, Vol. 1

Justine Limpitlaw

Johannesburg: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) (2012), xxxvi, 395 pp.

"In this e-book we unpack the internationally-developed standards and best practise models of democratic media regulation. We look at universally-agreed norms for democratic media regulation generally, democratic broadcasting regulation and for imposing restrictions upon or otherwise regulating medi ... more

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Tabloid TV in Zambia: A Reception Study of Lusaka Viewers of Muvi TV News

Herman Wasserman, Loisa Mbatha

Journal of African Media Studies, volume 4, issue 3 (2012), pp. 277-293

"The tabloid news genre has been chastized for depoliticizing its public by causing cynicism about the democratic process and lowering the standards of rational public discourse. Counter-arguments point to the alternative public sphere offered by popular media such as ‘tabloid TV’ which is the f ... more

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So This is Democracy? State of Media Freedom in Southern Africa 2011

Windhoek: Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) (2012), 214 pp.

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African Media Barometer: Zambia 2011

Windhoek; Lusaka: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) (2011), 72 pp.

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Strengthening the Creative Industries for Development in Zambia

United Nations (2011), xvi, 105 pp.

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Media Sustainability Index 2010: Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Africa

Leon Morse (ed.)

Washington, DC: IREX (2011), xix, 411 pp.

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So This is Democracy? State of Media Freedom in Southern Africa 2010

Windhoek: Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) (2011), 218 pp.

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Global Information Society Watch 2011: Internet Rights and Democratisation. Focus on Freedom of Expression and Association Online

Karen Banks (ed.)

Association for Progressive Communications (APC); Hivos (2011), 273 pp.

"In the year of the Arab uprisings Global Information Society Watch 2011 investigates how governments and internet and mobile phone companies are trying to restrict freedom online – and how citizens are responding to this using the very same technologies. Everyone is familiar with the stories of E ... more

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Atlas de l'Afrique

Danielle Ben Yahmed (ed.)

Paris: Éditions du Jaguar, 4. éd. (2011), 255 pp.

"L'Afrique dans son ensemble : 28 chapitres présentant le continent par rapport au reste du monde. Tous les aspects de la géographie physique : relief, hydrographie, climat, végétation, et aussi l'histoire, les religions, les langues. L'Afrique par régions. Les cartes de localisation avec visua ... more

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Global Report on the Status of Women in the News Media

Carolyn M. Byerly

Washington, DC: International Women's Media Foundation (IWMF) (2011), 393 pp.

"There is abundant evidence of underrepresentation of women as subjects of coverage, but until now there were no reliable, comprehensive data on which to make a clear determination about where women currently fit into the news-making operation or in the decision-making or ownership structure of thei ... more

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Winds from the East: How the People’s Republic of China Seeks to Influence the Media in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia

Douglas Farah, Andy Mosher

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2010), 32 pp.

"The People's Republic of China is seeking to influence the media in Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia through a variety of means: direct aid to state-run media in the form of radio transmitters and financing for national satellites; the provision of content and technology to allies and pote ... more

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Comparative Study of Church and Non-Church Run Radio Stations in Zambia: A Case Study of Radio Explorers and Radio Maria in Eastern Province

Daniel Banda

Lusaka: University of Zambia, Master of Mass Communication Thesis (2010), xi, 125 pp.

"This is a comparative case study of the church-run, Radio Maria and non church-run, Radio Explorers in the Eastern Province of Zambia. The work compares and contrasts the (1) content and management of the stations, (2) the process of selection of programmes and content development, and (3) accessib ... more

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The Anthropology of News & Journalism: Global Perspectives

S. Elizabeth Bird (ed.)

Bloomington: Indiana University Press (2010), viii, 328 pp.

"The Anthropology of News and Journalism is the first book to explore the role of news and journalism in contemporary culture from an anthropological perspective—as a form of cultural meaning-making in its creation, content, and dissemination. Anthropology's global, comparative perspective and eth ... more

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Mass Media in Zambia: Demand-Side Measures of Access, Use and Reach

Gayatri Murthy, Muzammil M. Hussain

Washington, DC: InterMedia (2010), 50 pp.

"The data presented in this report are based on a survey conducted in April and May 2010 among Zambian adults age 15 and above. Using the 2000 Zambian National Census as the sampling frame and a stratified random sampling design, a nationally representative probability sample of 2,000 respondents wa ... more

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