"Western, especially British interventions in Afghanistan, parallel the long history of photography. This article examines the resulting archive and considers its ongoing influence on the traditions of conflict photography through the concept of the ‘Feedback Loop’ coined by photographer Tim Het
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herington. Hetherington’s work is used as a departure point for an examination of the archival legacy of the male-gendered western gaze in ongoing western incursions. It focusses on Hetherington and contemporary practitioners to position and understand a repetitive cycle of photographic witnessing informed by the archive. Its perspective is on western traditions in the context of picturing Afghanistan and explores what underpins such traditions and how contemporary practitioners are rethinking, rememorizing and now restaging Afghanistan as a site of post-imperial ‘conflict’. It argues that what Hetherington identified as a ‘feedback loop’ is part of a much older tradition of picturing conflict and the combatants at its heart." (Abstract)
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"This paper has used a series of historical sources, mainly in the Persian language, to explore the one-century history of Afghanistan’s media. The country has 150 years of media history, of which a century has occurred during the monarchy's political system. This study explains the chronological
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order and structure of the media from the first newspaper, Shams-u-Nahar, which was founded in 1873 during the reign of Amir Shir Ali Khan. In addition, it explains the press's role in the war for the independence of Afghanistan. It also explores the media’s situation during King Zaher Shah’s (1933-1973) reign, when a diverse media environment emerged; simultaneously, systematic political repression was carried out and derailed the diversity. Taking the length of this centenary history into account, it seems that an article might not be enough to cover such a topic. However, so far, the researchers have not found an academic paper that has studied this era in English. Hence, this paper will be the first of its kind to cover this issue in detail to fill this gap and pave the way for researchers to know more about Afghanistan's media history." (Abstract)
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"This article traces how the Afghan cultural, media, and arts sectors have gone through cycles of boom and bust in tandem with the country’s tumultuous history in recent decades, starting with the prewar golden era in the 1960s and 1970s, then focusing on the post-9/11 internationally funded media
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expansion, and finally on the Taliban’s return to power. The current exodus of human talent, due to forced migration, dispossession, and displacement, amounts to a profound cultural loss. But the country has already been transformed by the influence of a period of media freedoms and an emergent public sphere that created space for democratic debate and cosmopolitan cultural expression." (Abstract)
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"This article examines the sociohistorical role of radio broadcasting in Afghanistan and analyses the interplay between the radio choices of the audience, political change and conflict. Though never explicitly trusted as a credible information source, the popularity of national radio in Afghanistan
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was critically weakened following the Communist revolution of 1978 and subsequent abuse of broadcasting under successive Afghan Communist regimes. Analysis highlights how the audience's thirst for unbiased information resulted in a substantial majority turning to the BBC World Service, this international service being perceived as a far more trustworthy and credible alternative. Discussion of the social history of Radio Afghanistan, the Taliban's Voice of Radio Shari'at and the BBC World Service serves to highlight the propagandist media machinery of the Communist era, the radical media policies of the Taliban regime and the value attributed to the BBC's current news reporting. In an example of the global becoming the local, the article concludes by examining how the BBC World Service has become the dominant radio broadcaster in Afghanistan and the extent to which this position is based on the quality of their outputs or their self-promotional discourses concerning impartiality." (Abstract)
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"This article explores the bipolar structure of communication in Afghanistan, where the latest technological advancements in media coexist with a complex system of traditional communication. After 22 years of civil war and the destruction of most modern media facilities, Afghanistan's traditional ch
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annels of communication have become even more significant. This article examines the history of the press in Afghan politics and society and asks what roles modern and traditional communication systems and values may play in the future." (Abstract)
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"Journalism education in Afghanistan — State of the question — Professional training and the country's requirements." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass media in the developing countries. Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 2168, topic code 163.1)
"La Bakhtar News Agency a été créée en 1940 et son radio-télétype mis en service en 1957 — L'agence comprend un service de nouvelles nationales, un service de nouvelles étrangères avec une division d'écoute bien équipée, un service photographique et divers autres services secondaires â€
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” L'agence de presse proprement dite a deux annexes: le quotidien « Kaboul Times «, créé en 1951 et une agence de publicité — Financièrement indépendante, la Bakhtar News Agency est placée sous la tutelle du Ministère de l'Information — Environ 45 % du volume des nouvelles diffusées par l'agence sont d'intérêt national." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass media in the developing countries. Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 1880, topic code Afghanistan, 142, 131)
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"The author, a journalism professor at Michigan State University, recounts some of his successes and frustrations in establishing a program of journalism education in Afghanistan's capital city. He points out the importance of journalism and education to all the emergent nations, and urges AEJ to ta
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ke an active role." (Abstract)
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"Principes élevés — Autres journaux — Radio et film." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass media in the developing countries. Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 2480, topic code 072.1, 110.1)
"Basic changes are manifesting themselves in the Afghan press." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass media in the developing countries. Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 2477, topic code 143)
"The freedom of the press in Afghanistan, especially the activities of a critical and responsible newspaper — Structure of the government press, of the government information services and radio service." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass media in the developing countries.
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Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 2479, topic code 110.32, 071)
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