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Journalists as Victims and Perpetrators of Violence

Matt Carlson

In: News of Baltimore: Race, Rage and the City

Linda Steiner, Silvio Waisbord (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2017), 17 pp.

"This chapter explores the complicated ways in which journalists became subjects within the stories of Ferguson and Baltimore through a particular focus on the discursive identification of journalists as either victims or perpetrators of violence. It focuses on two evaluative frameworks: journalists ... more

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Comparing Journalistic Cultures Across Nations

Folker Hanusch, Thomas Hanitzsch

Journalism Studies, volume 18, issue 5 (2017), pp. 525-535

"Comparative studies of journalism have become immensely popular in recent times, yet a range of methodological and logistical challenges persist in existing work. This introduction to the special issue on “Comparing Journalistic Cultures” provides a brief overview of these challenges, before pr ... more

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The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
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Ulla Carlsson, Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), 363 pp.

"To support joint efforts to protect journalism, there is a growing need for research-based knowledge. Acknowledging this need, the aim of this publication is to highlight and fuel journalist safety as a field of research, to encourage worldwide participation, as well as to inspire further dialogues ... more

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Shooting the messengers

Steven M. Ellis

British Journalism Review, volume 28, issue 1 (2017), pp. 57-62

"More and more countries are deciding the answer to a bad press is to imprison journalists who dare to report anything that is critical." (Abstract)

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Why the World Became Concerned with Journalistic Safety, and Why the Issue Will Continue to Attract Attention

Guy Berger

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression

Ulla Carlsson, Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 33-44

"There is a history to why the challenge of securing safety for journalism has become a prominent issue in many parts of the world. This is partly because of increased attacks on journalists, but it is also a function of global developments that have afforded space for the issue to come to fore as a ... more

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The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression: Words of Introduction

Ulla Carlsson, Reeta Pöyhtäri

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression

Ulla Carlsson, Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 11-20

"People who exercise their right to freedom of expression through journalism should be able to practice their work without restrictions. They are, nonetheless, the constant targets of violence and threats. In an era of globalization and digitization, no single party can alone carry the responsibilit ... more

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Journalists and Media Staff Killed 1990 -2015: 25 Years of Contribution Towards Safer Journalism

Brussels: International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2016), 83 pp.

"The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) has been publishing annual reports, of which this is the 25th, focusing on killing of journalists and media staff in work-related incidents since 1990. To date, the IFJ has recorded at least 2297 killings of these media professionals in targeted ass ... more

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Journalist Security in the Digital World: A Survey. Are We Using the Right Tools?

Javier Garza Ramos

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2016), 13 pp.

"This survey was designed to measure how journalists around the world take advantage of technology to enhance their security. The results suggest that there is a general lack of awareness about the power that digital tools have to improve a journalist’s protection. There are scores of organization ... more

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An Overview of the Current Challenges to the Safety and Protection of Journalists

Cassie Clark

International Women's Media Foundation (IWMF) (2016), 22 pp.

"This overview report highlights key themes that affect journalists’ safety globally, including: 1) impunity for crimes against journalists, which fosters killings and abductions; 2) the range of dangers facing journalists; 3) the lack of resources for comprehensive security training and the hands ... more

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Reporting Dangerously: Journalist Killings, Intimidation and Security

Simon Cottle, Richard Sambrook, Nick Mosdell

Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (2016), ix, 224 pp.

"Examines the statistics and looks at the trends in journalist killings and intimidation around the world. It identifies what factors have led to this rise and positions these in historical and global contexts. This important study also provides case studies and first-hand accounts from journalists ... more

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Journalistic Role Performance: A New Research Agenda in a Digital and Global Media Environment

Claudia Mellado, Lea Hellmueller

In: Journalistic Role Performance

Claudia Mellado, Lea Hellmueller, Wolfgang Donsbach (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2016), 18 pp.

"Global press freedom declined to its lowest point in 12 years in 2015, mainly due to political, criminal, and terrorist forces that sought to co-opt or silence the media in their struggle for power (Freedom House, 2016). As of 2015, only one in seven people around the world lived in a country that ... more

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The Kidnapping of Journalists: Reporting from High-Risk Conflict Zones

Robert G. Picard, Hannah Storm

London: Tauris (2016), vii, 100 pp.

"This book explores the complex organisational issues surrounding the capture or kidnapping of journalists in areas of conflict and risk. It explores how journalists 'becoming news' is covered and the implications of that coverage, how news organisations prepare for and respond to such events, and h ... more

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Making Secondary Trauma a Primary Issue: A Study of Eyewitness Media and Vicarious Trauma on the Digital Frontline

Sam Dubberley, Elizabeth Griffin, Haluk Mert Bal

Istanbul: Eyewitness Media Hub (2015), 69 pp.

"The rapid and incredible growth of eyewitness media (also known as user-generated content or UGC) has led to the emergence of a new cadre of journalists, humanitarian and human rights professionals whose job it is to seek out, verify and edit the most disturbing and traumatic raw images captured by ... non professionals and posted online. These professionals are tasked with viewing and sifting through massive volumes of eyewitness media - that is, raw, unedited, authentic footage now captured regularly on smartphones - to enhance their investigations, reporting, operations, prosecutions and advocacy. Professionals who work with eyewitness media watch disturbing footage from war zones, natural and manmade disasters and accidents over and over again to verify its veracity and to edit out images that are deemed too extreme for viewing by the general public. Viewing traumatic images of death, destruction, blood and unimaginable horrors all day every day - often for years on end - is now an integral part of the daily work of many desk-bound staff working for news, human rights and humanitarian organisations who are often located thousands of miles away from where the actual horrors occur. Whether it is a broadcaster, publisher, human rights or humanitarian professional, symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are now evident amongst staff working in offices on what we call the digital frontline. This study builds upon previous research that proved that viewing distressing eyewitness media can lead psychological injury, including, but not restricted to, such conditions as PTSD and major depression. The principle aim of this research is to explore the following questions: How much distressing eyewitness media are professionals, who work in the three professional sectors, watching? How frequently, and in what volumes are professionals viewing distressing eyewitness media? What kinds of eyewitness media do professionals find particularly distressing?" What coping mechanisms, if any, have been developed by staff to help mitigate the potentially negative effects of viewing distressing content? - What support, if any, do professionals receive from their organisations and senior managers? - Does organisational culture encourage or prevent professionals from requesting support from their organisation’s hierarchy? What training and preparation is provided to raise awareness of or mitigate the adverse impact of trauma exposure on university graduates, newcomers and those established in post? What resources do organisations provide to prevent, mitigate and treat the adverse impact of trauma exposure? Which of those resources have been used? Which are found to be the most useful? What do staff who experience vicarious trauma need and expect from their organisations in order to support them? Based on an online survey (to which we received 209 responses from people working with eyewitness media across all three professional sectors) and 38 in-depth, anonymous interviews we find that: the impact of eyewitness media on journalism, human rights and humanitarian work means that the frontline is no longer geographic. A new type of frontline has emerged that is digital. Staff at an organisation’s headquarters who work with eyewitness media do so daily and often see more horror on a daily basis compared to their counterparts deployed in the field. Consequently, organisations have a duty of care towards office based staff working on the digital frontline who are at serious risk of vicarious trauma and PTSD [...] " (Executive summary, page 3-5) more

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Journalists die: Who cares?

Stefanie Pukallus, Jackie Harrison

British Journalism Review, volume 26, issue 1 (2015), pp. 63-68

"New research suggests readers are ready to hear more about the dangers faced by those who bring them the news." (Abstract)

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Risk and journalism in the digital age

Adrian Hadland

African Journalism Studies, volume 36, issue 1 (2015), pp. 129-134

"The shocking beheading of several Western journalists during 2014, including the Americans Steven Sotloff and James Foley and the Briton David Haines, and the wide dissemination of their murder videos on the Internet, is a graphic, gruesome signal that something has changed in the relationship betw ... more

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Shooting the Messengers

Barbara Trionfi

British Journalism Review, volume 26, issue 3 (2015), pp. 49-54

"It's going to be hard, but we must keep fighting the gangsters and governments that attack journalists, says a seasoned campaigner." (Abstract)

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Terms of Choice: Uncertainty, Journalism, and Crisis

Barbie Zelizer

Journal of Communication, volume 65 (2015), pp. 888-908

"This article considers whether thinking about journalism's present set of challenges is best served by the notion of “crisis.” It argues that adopting such a notion to explain a diverse set of technological, political, economic, social, occupational, moral, and legal circumstances misses an opp ... more

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Journalists’ Safety Indicators: National Level. Based on the UNESCO’s Media Development Indicators

Paris: UNESCO (2013), 34 pp.

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Concentration and self-censorship in commercial media

Fabrizio Germano, Martin Meier

Journal of Public Economics, volume 97 (2013), pp. 117-130

"Given that over half the revenues of global newspaper publishing come from advertising (80% in the US and 57% in OECD countries, OECD, 2010), we study how media firms internalize the effect of their own coverage on advertisers' sales and hence on their own advertising revenues. We show, within a fr ... more

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Censorship by Bullet

William Horsley, Jackie Harrison

British Journalism Review, volume 24, issue 1 (2013), pp. 39-46

"It's time to confront the tide of violence used by governments against journalists, argue two fighters for media freedom." (Abstract)

The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression Top Insights

The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
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