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Media focus
9273
2537
1691
1336
696
238
235
113
42
28
Publication Years
4387
5624
2694
842
415
198
1289
141
18
1
Methods applied
522
487
416
325
197
81
62
49
27
14
14
11
7
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5
5
4
3
2
1
Journals
272
183
128
94
93
79
73
69
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67
63
60
45
39
39
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Output Type
7676
3372
3323
629
220
181
130
71
Arab News and Conflict: A Multidisciplinary Discourse Study
Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company (2009), 238 pp.
"Drawing on socio-political-linguistic approaches combined with real-case studies, the author offers a unique discourse analysis model for analysing politically sensitive language in the media. The focus in this study is on the Arab media discourse in times of conflict with Israel and the US, spanni
...
ng the years 2001 to 2009. Using rich examples from outspoken Arab media outlets, the study explores ideological and language facts about the Arab-Israeli conflict." (Publisher description)
more
Die Medien in Mazedonien
KAS Auslandsinformationen, issue 7-8 (2009), pp. 62-80
"On World Press Freedom Day, about 200 journalists met in the Macedonian capital of Skopje in May 2009 to protest against unfair trials of journalists and pillory political pressure and the level of press freedom in general. To be sure, Macedonia’s constitution guarantees freedom of opinion and th
...
e press. Moreover, laws such as the electronic media act of 2005 and the radio act do allow a certain latitude for journalists. Yet problems remain: many media depend on the state, wages are low, journalist training is defective, and outrages against reporters are still happening. Macedonia’s secession from ex-Yugoslavia in 1991 did not bring domestic unity. One enduring problem is the tension between the Macedonian majority and the Albanian minority. The armed conflict between the army and Albanian separatists was resolved only by the Ochrid agreement (OFA). Today, the country is a parliamentary democracy endeavouring to join the EU and NATO. Yet the Atlantic Alliance did not issue an invitation to the 2008 Bucharest summit, probably because of the ethnic tension and persistent corruption in the country and the unresolved dispute with Greece over the name Macedonia. Headed by Nikola Gruevski, the coalition of civil and Albanian forces that currently governs the country continues to steer a course towards Europe, but it is confronted by great challenges: high unemployment, an extensive shadow economy, murky relations between politics and the economy, and the uneasy coexistence of ethnic groups. All this is echoed by the media of the country. The total number of Macedonian print media can only be estimated; it is said that there are around 750. The most powerful newspaper group is the one owned by the Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (WAZ) which acquired three products called ”Dnevnik”, ”Utrinski vestnik” and ”Vest” in May 2003. Founded in 1996, Dnevnik boasts the highest circulation. The paper itself states that it is printing 55,000 copies a day, having broken the monopoly of the former ’state paper’ ”Nova Makedonija”. Good style and up-to-date coverage brought new readers. With a circulation of 30,000, ”Vest” belongs to the yellow-press category. Printed in 8,000 copies, ”Utrinski vestnik” mainly offers analyses and comments. Even privatization could not prevent the fall of ”Nova Makedonija”, the mouthpiece of the communists before independence. These days, it is barely hanging on with a circulation of 3,000. The eponymous company also owns ”Vecer” (circulation 3,000) and the Turkish-language ”Birlik”. Established in Sofia in 2004, the immensely popular ”Vreme” has meanwhile reached a circulation of 10,000, appearing also on Sundays under the name of ”Nedelno vreme”. ”Fakti”, the leading paper published in the Albanian language, appears also in the Kosovo. At the same time, two Kosovan-language papers are being published in Macedonia, ”Koha Ditore” and ”Lajme”. About 60 weeklies are being printed in Macedonia, of which many appear at irregular intervals and face great financial problems. However, all the country’s print media stand in need of financial transparency. The considerable pressure exerted by the state on the media, mostly through paid advertisements, adversely affects the choice and quality of information. Moreover, the special advantages enjoyed by established houses make it even more difficult for new independent papers to enter the market. In 1997, the Council for Electronic Media (CEM) was established to monitor radio and television channels, protect pluralism and the freedom of opinion, and safeguard the independence of all media. Although CEM members are nominated by renowned institutions, they are all appointed by parliament in the end, a procedure which Freedom House regards as problematic. Currently, there are six media institutes that hold broadcasting licences: MTV, a public-service channel, A1 TV, Alsat-M, Kanal 5, Sitel, and Telma. A1 TV, the market leader that was launched in 1993 as Macedonia’s first private channel, attracted 23.7 percent of the viewing public in 2007. Next in line at 12.3 percent is Sitel, which has been mainly airing entertainment programmes since 1993. Kanal 5 has a market share of 7.6 percent, while Telma has 3.9. Launched in 2006, Alsat-M airs programmes in the Albanian language, swiftly winning over 86 percent of the country’s Albanian population. At 52, the number of TV stations is high for a small country like Macedonia, although the funding question remains moot in many cases. At a total of 62, radio stations are also fairly numerous, although only four of them hold a national licence. Because of the growing importance of television and, to an even greater extent, the internet, the number of listeners has been declining in recent years. On a regional and local scale, however, radio stations, two of which are transmitting Albanian-language programmes, still retain their importance. Among the country’s news agencies, Makfax has established itself as a reputable source. Founded in 1992, the agency also reports in Albanian and English. Makedonski Informativen Centar, another private agency, was established in 2007. Founded in 1992 on the initiative of parliament, Makedonska Informativna Agencia also offers trilingual service. Portal Total supplies business news every day. Finally, the internet has become a major source of information thanks to the online editions of various papers and journals. The charges made in May of this year appear justified. In the view of Freedom House, the media in Macedonia are only ’partially free’. Outrages are still being committed on journalists for whose protection associations have been founded, although these are ethnically divided and hardly cooperate at all. Thus, the Association of Journalists exists side by side with the Association of Albanian Journalists. The associations will have their work cut out to protect their own members from physical or legal persecution and lay abuses before the public: in May 2006, for example, a court in Kumanova sentenced Mr Bozinovski, an investigative journalist, to three months’ imprisonment for libel and defamation after he had written an article exposing the links between politics, business, and journalism. Although Mr Bozinovski’s article was written three years ago, and the libel clause on which the proceedings were based had been struck from the code days before the sentence, the court obviously wanted to finish the case under the ’old law’. The prisoner owes his premature release only to the pressure exerted by the EU and Amnesty International. Reports about attacks on Albanian journalists are piling up as well: in September 2007, for example, a reporter of the Albanian-language Alsat-M television channel had his camera forcibly torn from him when he filmed policemen who had aroused the rage of villagers by stopping the car of an MP who was involved in a parliamentary scandal. When he refused to hand over his camera, the journalist was knocked down by policemen. The electronic media act adopted in 2005 was intended to protect pluralism from cartels. Thus, the owner of one electronic medium is not prohibited from acquiring an interest in another. What he may not do, however, is acquire an interest in a company which owns a print medium or is active in advertizing, telecommunications, or the film industry. Once again, however, there is a gap between theory and practice, all the more so as many Macedonian TV channels belong to influential enterprises which, in turn, are closely related to political parties." (Executive summary).
more
Hezbollah's Media: Political History in Outline
Deep Insights
Global Media and Communication, volume 5, issue 3 (2009), pp. 353-367
"Since 1985, the Lebanese Hezbollah has developed a centralized communications apparatus which was a major instrument in building its leadership in the Shiite community. My contribution intends to explore the main media of this party as both cognitive and political resources for mobilization and as
...
spaces for the involvement of its activists, sympathizers and cadres. In doing so, it revisits the social history of this political formation and examines its modes of organization and related tensions." (Abstract)
more
China's Propaganda and Influence Operations, its Intelligence Activities That Target the United States, and the Resulting Impacts on U.S. National Security: Hearing Before the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Washington, DC: United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission (2009), vii, 176 pp.
Evaluación cualitativa de radio audiencias por la paz en el Magdalena Medio colombiano
Signo y Pensamiento, volume 28, issue 54 (2009), pp. 276-318
"Este informe da cuenta parcial de la investigación sobre procesos de comunicación comunitaria y ciudadana y su aporte a la paz y la transformación social en el Magdalena Medio colombiano. Fue adelantada por un grupo interdisciplinario de docentes de cuatro universidades (dos colombianas: U. Jave
...
riana y U. del Norte y dos norteamericanas: U. de Oklahoma y U. British Columbia), en unión con una red regional de radios comunitarias. La investigación permitió explorar instrumentos cualitativos y participativos que ayudaron a apreciar el papel relevante y central de una tecnología de comunicación, como la radio comunitaria, en manos de una sociedad civil que se esfuerza por buscar la paz." (Resumen)
more
"Interconexiones Cono Sur es un programa de capacitación para radios comunitarias, ciudadanas y alternativas de Argentina, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay. Nació en el año 2000, acaba de cerrar su tercera etapa y continúa. Es un espacio de aprendizaje, de encuentro, de intercambio de experiencias y co
...
nstrucción de vínculos. Es fruto del trabajo conjunto. Formalmente, nació de la alianza de cinco organizaciones: FM La Tribu (Argentina), ECO - Educación y Comunicación (Chile), Radio Viva (Paraguay), El Puente FM (Uruguay) y La Crujía (Argentina) [...]
Interconexiones fue clave para que las radios comunitarias de cada país diseñaran su propia ruta de formación y decidieran los contenidos de cada proceso en función de fortalecer sus prácticas y objetivos. Una oportunidad de interlocución de personas, emisoras y procesos en talleres, con intercambios constantes, en espacios de encuentro, en materiales pedagógicos, en una página web, en producciones adiofónicas y audiovisuales. Las diversas instancias de este proceso reunieron a radialistas de toda la subregión: radios campesinas, organizaciones feministas, de pueblos originarios, de grandes ciudades, de barrios, radios con veinte años de historia, otras recién nacidas e incluso futuras radios. Aunque los números, por sí solos, no explican mucho de los procesos, algunos son contundentes: 440 radialistas integrantes de 178 emisoras participaron de Interconexiones.
Entre 2000 y 2009 Interconexiones desarrolló tres etapas de este proceso. En cada una emergieron múltiples iniciativas de capacitación ligadas a audiencias, coberturas periodísticas, lenguaje, producción, gestión… La propuesta inicial, estructurada a través de talleres anuales, fue acumulando una experiencia significativa hasta concebirse como un programa más ambicioso que implicó un enorme compromiso de sus participantes y acompañamiento en la formulación de proyectos específicos." (Página 10-11)
more
La loi et les medias en Mauritanie
Legon (GH): Fondation pour les Médias en Afrique de l’Ouest (2009), 44 pp.
Cosmopolitan Communications: Cultural Diversity in a Globalized World
New York: Cambridge University Press (2009), xv, 429 pp.
"We have argued throughout this book that the various versions of the cultural convergence thesis are deeply flawed, whether one has in mind the ‘media imperialism’ argument that was fashionable during the 1970s, the ‘Coca-colonization’ claim that was popular during the 1990s, or contemporar
...
y approaches advocating ‘cultural protectionism.’ The convergence thesis rests on the premise that repeated exposure to the ideas and images transmitted by CNN International, MTV, and Hollywood will gradually undermine indigenous values and norms. Consequently, many deeply conservative cultures fear that opening the floodgates to the American or Western media will erode faith in religion, respect for marriage and the family, and deference toward traditional sources of authority. But earlier chapters demonstrated how lack of access to globalized mass communications persists in many poor nations, limiting the diffusion of Western ideas and images. This book has documented the existence of multiple firewalls that prevent the mass media from penetrating parochial societies and thus influencing the culture in these places." (Page 261)
more
Los magnates de la prensa: Concentración de los medios de comunicación en Chile
Santiago de Chile: Random House Mondadori (2009), 520 pp.
Behind the Scenes: Transparency in Lebanese Media Business Practices
Internews Network (2009), 64 pp.
"The present study is a first attempt to look inside media organizations in Lebanon in order to understand what kind of business decisions are being made. This study analyzes employee diversity, as well as political affiliation or media owners [...] There was a clear reluctance among media owners to
...
wards discussing their business practices [...] Most of Lebanon's seven private commercial television stations, which are comparatively very few considering the nearly 300 Arab television stations in operation, are among the most viewed stations in the region, due to their high production values and quality of programming. At the same time, these and other Lebanese media lag behind with respect to effectively managing human resources. Many lack written job descriptions, organizational policies, or regular performance appraisals, and they heavily rely on part-time staff and volunteers while not providing adequate financial incentives to their employees [...] Perhaps the most significant findings of the present study are those related to the financial aspects of Lebanese media organizations. Despite the sensitivity of discussing the profitability of these media, and considering that it is illegal, according to both the Press Law of 1962 and the Audio-Visual Law of 1994 for a broadcast or print organization to depend on sources of funding other than sales revenues and advertising, the answers given were quite candid and revealing. In Lebanon, financial support by the political elites who own these media is what has allowed most of the local media to survive. To ensure the sustainability of these outlets, long-term financial solutions and better marketing strategies must be adopted." (Preface, pages 7-8)
more
The Media and Development: What's the Story?
Washington, DC: World Bank (2009), 29 pp.
"Here the media's development impact is presented using five closely intermingled influences: plurality and transparency - the contributions that a plural media environment makes to good governance, transparency, and the functioning of markets (economic and political) which can be seen as the media'
...
s political economy role; behavioral - the media's contribution to inspiring beneficial changes in the behaviors of individuals, groups, and organizations; infrastructure and platform - compelling content is essential for and the main driver of investment in new convergent broadband infrastructure and platforms, which hold the potential for transformational development; economic - the media provide many jobs, especially in smaller-size enterprises; trade - trade in media, mainly audio-visual products - is substantial but asymmetric, certain trade barriers restrain investments and limit opportunities for developing country exports, and so the media's potential contribution to development." (Page 5)
more
Comunicación y poder
Madrid: Alianza Editorial (2009), 679 pp.
Four Steps to Community Media as a Development Tool
Development in Practice, volume 19, issue 4-5 (2009), pp. 598-609
"Community media represent a crucial input in development processes, playing an important role in democratisation, social struggles, and awareness raising. But they often face difficulties on the financial and legal levels due to the constraints created by national media laws. This paper shows the l
...
ink between community communication and human development. It provides suggestions for development advocates and communities regarding advocacy for a policy environment supportive of community media. It reflects on the licensing process and financial sustainability of the projects. In demonstrating how practically media policy can be reshaped to meet civil society needs, two case studies are considered: the UK, where the communication regulator has opened a process to license community radios; and Brazil, where thousands of ‘illegal’ community stations are facing repression, but where the regulator has inaugurated a consultation process with practitioners." (Abstract)
more
After the Hate Media: Regulation in the DRC, Burundi, Rwanda
Global Media and Communication, volume 5, issue 3 (2009), pp. 327-352
"During the past 15 years Central Africa, and specifically Burundi, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, have been through devastating wars in which the media became actors. In 1993, some Burundese newspapers were described as ‘hate media’ and one year later Radio télévision mille coll
...
ines (RTLM) in Rwanda became the first of those described as ‘death media’, preparing minds for genocide and helping in its implementation. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, in1998, certain newspapers took to inciting ethnic hatred and violence towards some Congolese citizens. By 2006, when this research was completed, these three countries were undergoing fragile peace processes and trying to rebuild themsleves. The media certainly have a major role to play in helping to soothe the hatred and move people from different communities back into dialogue. But how should the media sector be reorganized in countries where the media have contributed to killings? What is the best way to find a balance between freedom and control in a context where the microphone and the pen have been weapons of murder? This is one of the main issues that must be addressed by the communications regulatory bodies which have been established to support press freedom and to organize and monitor the media landscape." (Abstract)
more
The Impact of International Media Training on Radio Professionals in Indonesia
Knoxville: University of Tennessee, Doctoral Thesis (2009), x, 223 pp.
"[...] The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of international media training on radio professionals in Indonesia. The study examined the effectiveness of training organizations in implementing training programs in Indonesia. Diffusion of innovation theory was used as a theoretical fr
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amework based on the premise that training has been one of the most common tools used to diffuse new ideas and knowledge other than the formal education setting. A mixed-methodology by combining focus group discussion and survey was used in order to understand the impact of training for Indonesian radio professionals. Finding suggested that most journalists and managers adopted training and diffused the new knowledge and skills to fellow professionals. Some of them continued to adopt while others stopped due to both internal and external challenges. Journalists said management was the main obstacle to for adoption; while managers blamed the market situation. In addition, other factors that occurred in training also played a role in adoption including participant selection, needs assessment, training materials, trainers and the structure of training." (Abstract)
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