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Visual disinformation in a digital age: A literature synthesis and research agenda

Teresa Weikmann, Sophie Lecheler

New Media & Society, volume 25, issue 12 (2023), pp. 3696-3713

"Visuals are expected to amplify the impact of disinformation, but it is rarely specified how, and what exactly distinguishes them from text. This article is one of the first to treat visual disinformation as its own type of falsehood, arguing that it differs from textual disinformation in its produ ... more

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The Far-Right Smokescreen: Environmental Conspiracy and Culture Wars on Brazilian YouTube

Débora Salles, Priscila Muniz de Medeiros, Rose Marie Santini, Carlos Eduardo Barros

Social Media + Society, volume 9, issue 3 (2023), 22 pp.

"Holding the greatest area of rainforest in the world, Brazil has seen the adoption of a far-right anti-environmental agenda under the administration of Jair Bolsonaro. This agenda was backed by a transnational infrastructure of right-wing media outlets on online platforms, including the conservativ ... more

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Falling for Russian Propaganda: Understanding the Factors that Contribute to Belief in Pro-Kremlin Disinformation on Social Media

Felipe Bonow Soares, Anatoliy Gruzd, Philip Mai

Social Media + Society, volume 9, issue 4 (2023), 10 pp.

"As Russia launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, social media was rife with pro-Kremlin disinformation. To effectively tackle the issue of state-sponsored disinformation campaigns, this study examines the underlying reasons why some individuals are susceptible to false claims ... more

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How Disinformation on WhatsApp Went From Campaign Weapon to Governmental Propaganda in Brazil

Joao V. S. Ozawa, Samuel C. Woolley, Joseph Straubhaar, Martin J. Riedl, Katie Joseff, Jacob Gursky

Social Media + Society, volume 9, issue 1 (2023), 11 pp.

"The popular encrypted messaging and chat app WhatsApp played a key role in the election of Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro in 2018. The present study builds on this knowledge and showcases how the app continued to be used in a governmental operation spreading false and misleading information pop ... more

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Addressing Gendered Disinformation: Review of Current Recommendations and the Case for Broadening Responses
Key Guidance

Katya Vogt, Elayne Deelen, Jocelyn Young

IREX (2023), 27 pp.

"This report summarizes and groups the most common recommendations to address gendered disinformation and analyzes gaps between the evidence base and the recommendations made to date. This review is aimed toward those who seek to develop solutions to gendered disinformation in its different forms, a ... more

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Monetizing Misogyny: Gendered Disinformation and the Undermining of Women’s Rights and Democracy Globally

Lucina Di Meco

#ShePersisted (2023), 34 pp.

"This research aims to understand the patterns, impact and modus operandi of gendered disinformation campaigns against women in politics in Brazil, Hungary, India, Italy and Tunisia. The case studies explore how gendered disinformation has been used by political movements, and at times the governmen ... more

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Gender-Based Disinformation: A Scoping Review of the Literature, 2013-2023

Juliana Alcantara, Juliana Valentim

ex aequo, issue 48 (2023), pp. 125-145

"This article examines gender-based disinformation, highlighting findings and research gaps. A PRISMA review method was used, reviewing 143 articles from 2013 to early 2023. Only 14 studies directly assessed gender dimensions in disinformation. Outcomes show that Twitter is the most studied platform ... more

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How Public Service Media Disinformation Shapes Hungarian Public Discourse

Ágnes Urbán, Gábor Polyák, Kata Horváth

Media and Communication, volume 11, issue 4 (2023), pp. 62-72

"The Russian war against Ukraine illustrates how the disinformation ecosystem works in Hungary, and it also reveals its devastating impact on democratic public discourse. Public service media play a prominent role in spreading disinformation. We were able to identify several false narratives in the ... more

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What’s the News About Bad News? A Review of Bad News Games as a Tool to Teach Media Literacy

Rebecca Barabas

Libri, volume 73, issue 4 (2023), pp. 283-292

"This paper examines the Bad News series of games, created by the Cambridge University Social Decision Making Lab and DROG Group, as an educational tool. More specifically, it considers Bad News as a persuasive game, within the umbrella of gamification. After considering the history and context of t ... more

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Policy Brief: Ensuring Ethical AI Practices to Counter Disinformation

Federica Urzo, Elisabetta Panico, Salvatore Custureri

MediaFutures; Luiss Data Lab (2023), 15 pp.

"In particular we recommend to strengthen collaboration (platforms should adopt a collaborative approach involving various stakeholders, including governments, civil society organisations, and fact-checkers, to counter the spread and impact of disinformation. This can include sharing information, be ... st practices, and resources to develop effective strategies); enhance transparency (platforms should prioritise transparency by providing clear and comprehensive information on their policies, algorithms, and content moderation processes. Users should have a better understanding of how their data is used, and how algorithms work to prevent the amplification of false and misleading narratives); implement effective content moderation (platforms need to allocate sufficient resources to effectively monitor and moderate harmful content. This includes investing in advanced AI systems and human moderation teams to detect and remove disinformation in a timely manner. Transparent and consistent guidelines should be in place to ensure fairness and accountability in content moderation decisions); promote fact-based information (platforms should prioritise the promotion of fact-based information from reliable sources. This can be done by partnering with credible news organizations and fact-checkers to provide accurate information and combat false narratives. Advertising promoting climate change denial or other forms of misinformation should be prevented); improve the access to data for researchers (platforms should make efforts to provide access to data for independent researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of their policies and initiatives in countering disinformation. This will enable better analysis and understanding of the impact of disinformation and the effectiveness of countermeasures); comply with regulatory frameworks (platforms should fully comply with regulatory frameworks, such as the Digital Services Act (DSA) or other relevant International, EU and National laws and regulations, that provide for obligations on addressing disinformation and mitigating associated risks, the Code of Practice on Disinformation that aims to commit signatories to a range of actions to counter disinformation. These actions include providing transparency reports on political advertising, restricting advertising placements on disinformation websites, disrupting advertising revenue for purveyors of disinformation, and enabling user feedback and fact-checking mechanisms. In this framework, compliance should not be limited to large platforms but extended, with adjustments, to smaller platforms to ensure a comprehensive approach)." (Recommendations, page 6) more

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Countering Misinformation: Evidence, Knowledge Gaps, and Implications of Current Interventions
Top Insights

Jon Roozenbeek, Eileen Culloty, Jane Suiter

European Psychologist, volume 28, issue 3 (2023), pp. 189-205

"This paper provides researchers and policymakers with an overview of which individual-level interventions are likely to influence the spread of, susceptibility to, or impact of misinformation. We review the evidence for the effectiveness of four categories of interventions: boosting (psychological ... more

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Countermeasures for Mitigating Digital Misinformation: A Systematic Review
Top Insights

Zurich: International Panel on the Information Environment (IPIE) (2023), 40 pp.

"This Synthesis Report provides a formal systematic review of scientific literature on countermeasures for mitigating digital misinformation. 588 peer-reviewed global publications from many disciplines were the focus of this study in order to highlight the most effective countermeasures for mitigati ... more

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Platform Responses to Misinformation: A Meta-Analysis of Data
Top Insights

Zurich: International Panel on the Information Environment (IPIE) (2023), 70 pp.

"This Synthesis Report examines the effectiveness of countermeasures against misinformation on social media platforms, focusing on the two most examined remedies: content labeling and corrective information interventions. A meta-analysis is a research process for synthesizing and aggregating the fin ... more

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Moderación de contenidos en línea y construcción de paz en el posconflicto: Una revisión al marco normativo de Colombia

Juan Sebastián Salamanca Calle et al.

Bogotá: Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa (FLIP) (2023), 86 pp.

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Misinformation Literacy of COVID-19 Digital News in Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda

Karen McIntyre, Meghan Sobel Cohen, Brian Semujju, Kioko Ireri, Emmanuel Munyarukumbuzi

African Journalism Studies, volume 44, issue 2 (2023), pp. 116-133

"Amid a rise of misinformation worldwide, this paper examines digital misinformation literacy as it relates to COVID-19 news in East Africa. The study is grounded in inoculation theory and contributes to the body of scholarship examining misinformation literacy beyond the Western world. Data came fr ... more

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The Impact of Cognitive Biases on the Believability of Fake News

Aaron M French, Storey Veda C., Linda Wallace

European Journal of Information Systems, volume 34, issue 1 (2023), pp. 72-93

"Modern technologies, especially social networks, contribute to the rapid evolution and spread of fake news. Although the creation of fake news is a serious issue, it is the believability of fake news and subsequent actions that produce negative outcomes that can be harmful to individuals and societ ... more

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A systematic literature review of the motivations to share fake news on social media platforms and how to fight them

Cristiane Melchior, Mírian Oliveira

New Media & Society, volume 26, issue 2 (2023), pp. 1127-1150

"This review aims (a) to investigate the motivations to share fake news on Social Media Platforms (SMPs) according to the Self-Determination Theory (SDT); (b) to identify the solutions to fight these motivations and the agents in charge of implementing them; and (c) the user’s role in this process ... more

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State-Sponsored Online Disinformation: Impact on Electoral Integrity in Thailand

Korbkusol Neelapaichit, Ekmongkhon Puridej (eds.)

Bangkog: Asia Centre (2023), vii, 42 pp.

"[This publication] outlines how organised disinformation campaigns or Information Operations have become the latest variable to impact the quality of elections in the kingdom [...] Drawn from past evidence, the report identifies four forms of state-sponsored disinformation campaigns that are likely ... more

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Blurring the Truth: Disinformation in Southeast Europe
Top Insights

Christopher Nehring, Patrick Gensing, Gordan Akrap (eds.)

Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) (2023), iii, 281 pp.

"This is neither the first nor the last study of disinformation. Yet it differs significantly from others in many regards. Firstly, it is the first and only study summarizing the state of disinformation in Southeast Europe. While regional studies abound, none so far has looked at all countries of th ... more

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Building Trust and Reinforcing Democracy: Preparing the Ground for Government Action

Paris: OECD (2022), 229 pp.

"Democracies are at a critical juncture, under growing internal and external pressures. This publication sheds light on the important public governance challenges countries face today in preserving and strengthening their democracies, including fighting mis- and disinformation; improving government ... more

Addressing Gendered Disinformation: Review of Current Recommendations and the Case for Broadening Responses Key Guidance

Countering Misinformation: Evidence, Knowledge Gaps, and Implications of Current Interventions Top Insights

Countermeasures for Mitigating Digital Misinformation: A Systematic Review Top Insights

Platform Responses to Misinformation: A Meta-Analysis of Data Top Insights

Blurring the Truth: Disinformation in Southeast Europe Top Insights

Addressing Gendered Disinformation: Review of Current Recommendations and the Case for Broadening Responses
Key Guidance

Countering Misinformation: Evidence, Knowledge Gaps, and Implications of Current Interventions
Top Insights

Countermeasures for Mitigating Digital Misinformation: A Systematic Review
Top Insights

Platform Responses to Misinformation: A Meta-Analysis of Data
Top Insights

Blurring the Truth: Disinformation in Southeast Europe
Top Insights