mediadev library

Digital Threats and Attacks on the Philippine Alternative Press: Range, Responses, and Remedies

Ramon R. Tuazon, Therese Patricia San Diego Torres

In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety

Sadia Jamil (ed.)

Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 1-22

"In the Philippines, the assault on the press has gone digital. While Filipino journalists continue to face physical, verbal, and legal threats and attacks, cyber-attacks and online harassment/trolling were identified in 2018 as the second worst threat against them, after low wages and poor working ... more

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The State of Journalism and Press Freedom in Postgenocide Rwanda

Meghan Sobel, Karen McIntyre

Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, volume 96, issue 2 (2019), pp. 558-578

"News media played a prominent role in perpetuating the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Since then, Rwanda has undergone impressive social and economic growth, but the media landscape during this redevelopment remains understudied. Qualitative interviews with Rwandan journalists reveal that reporters censor ... more

Surrendering to Silence: An Account of Self-Censorship Among Pakistani Journalists

Waqas Naeem et al.

Media Matters for Democracy (2018), 55 pp.

"The following are the ve key takeaways from the study: Pakistani journalists work in an environment that makes self-Censorship diffcult to avoid [...] 2. Pakistani journalists exercise self-Censorship in personal settings [...] 3. Journalists perceive the policies of their own news organizations a ... more

Unwarranted Interference, Fear and Self-censorship among Journalists in Council of Europe Member States

Marilyn Clark, Anna Grech

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression

Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 221-226

"Journalists may be exposed to a number of risk factors for unwarranted interference. This is often compounded by a culture of impunity. The extent of unwarranted interference, the experience of fear associated with such interference, and the consequent possibility of self-censorship among journalis ... more

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Trouble in paradise? Self-censorship, outside interference and harassment of journalists in Finland

Ilmari Hiltunen

Media Asia, volume 44, issue 1 (2017), pp. 66-70

"Contrary to popular belief, being at or near the top of media freedom rankings doesn’t mean a country is free from interference and threats to journalists’ safety, Ilmari Hiltunen observes. When talking about censorship and journalism the attention has usually been focused on explicit violence ... more

Examining the Practices That Mexican Journalists Employ to Reduce Risk in a Context of Violence

Sallie Hughes, Mireya Marquez-Ramirez

International Journal of Communication, volume 11 (2017), pp. 499-521

"Research on journalists working in contexts of risk has examined either war correspondents on temporary assignments or the psychological effects of covering traumatic events, usually after the events have ended. Although these studies are important, they fail to account for the growing importance o ... more

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Journalism Under Threat: Intimidation and Harassment of Swedish journalists

Henrik Monica Lögren & Örnebring Nilsson

Journalism Practice, volume 10, issue 7 (2016), pp. 880-890

"Previous studies of intimidation and harassment of journalists have (rightly) focused on non-democratic and authoritarian nations and/or transitional/emerging democracies. In this article, we examine the situation in Sweden, a country with strong de facto and de jure safeguards of journalistic free ... more

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Journalistic Role Performance: A New Research Agenda in a Digital and Global Media Environment

Claudia Mellado, Lea Hellmueller

In: Journalistic Role Performance

Claudia Mellado; Lea Hellmueller; Wolfgang Donsbach (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2016), 18 pp.

"Global press freedom declined to its lowest point in 12 years in 2015, mainly due to political, criminal, and terrorist forces that sought to co-opt or silence the media in their struggle for power (Freedom House, 2016). As of 2015, only one in seven people around the world lived in a country that ... more

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"Stop Reporting or We'll Kill Your Family": Threats to Media Freedom in Afghanistan

Patricia Gossman

New York: Human Rights Watch (2015), 45 pp.

"Afghan journalists face threats from all sides: government officials exploiting weak legal protections to intimidate reporters and editors to compel them not to cover controversial topics; the Taliban and other insurgent groups using threats and violence to compel reporting they consider favorable; ... and police and justice officials letting threats, assaults, and even murders go uninvestigated and unprosecuted. Most of the threats come from individuals acting on behalf of powerful government officials or influential local actors, including militia leaders and so-called warlords. Violent attacks on journalists that go uninvestigated and unpunished reflect wider impunity and failure to establish the rule of law in Afghanistan. Afghan journalists often respond to the dangers with self-censorship. Many steer clear of reporting on sensitive issues—including corruption, land grabbing, violence against women, and human rights abuses—as a means to minimize safety risks. Kabul-based editors often avoid assigning stories that could put their reporters at significant risk. Editors and journalists told Human Rights Watch that self-censorship has become a survival mechanism for them. Those outside of the country’s main cities are especially vulnerable to reprisals from powerful individuals and groups because they are more exposed: they lack the protection provided by a larger Afghan media and international presence. The cultural and social conservatism of the provinces also contributes to the difficulty of reporting on controversial issues outside of the capital. The Taliban and other insurgent groups remain a potent source of intimidation and violence against journalists and media outlets. When the insurgency first emerged in 2002, journalists were among its early targets because the insurgents treated journalists as extensions of the Afghan government or Western military forces. However, in recent years, the Taliban and other insurgent groups have used the media as a propaganda platform, and actively court the press in their campaign against the government, including by pressuring reporters to cover their statements or not write articles deemed critical, sometimes with threats of violence. Female journalists in Afghanistan face particularly formidable challenges. In addition to the dangers facing all journalists, they must contend with social and cultural restrictions arising from being Afghan women in the workplace, which limit their mobility in urban as well as rural areas, and increase their vulnerability to sexual violence." (Summary, page 1-2) more

Información entre el terror y el centavo: Derecho humano de libre información en el Valle del Cauca

Reporteros sin Fronteras;Federación Colombiana de Periodistas (Fecolper) (2015), 17 pp.

Press Censorship in Turkey: Networks of State Power, Commercial Pressures, and Self-Censorship

Bilge Yesil

Communication, Culture & Critique, volume 7, issue 2 (2014), pp. 154-173

"This article explores the suppression of press freedoms in Turkey under the AKP (Justice and Development Party) government in the late 2000s. Drawing upon analyses of laws and legislation, surveys, reports, and interviews with journalists, it demonstrates how press censorship in Turkey has been act ... more

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Concentration and self-censorship in commercial media

Fabrizio Germano, Martin Meier

Journal of Public Economics, volume 97 (2013), pp. 117-130

"Given that over half the revenues of global newspaper publishing come from advertising (80% in the US and 57% in OECD countries, OECD, 2010), we study how media firms internalize the effect of their own coverage on advertisers' sales and hence on their own advertising revenues. We show, within a fr ... more

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Killing Me Softly with His Words: Censorship and Self-Censorship from the Perspective of Turkish Journalists

Esra Arsan

Turkish Studies, volume 14, issue 3 (2013), pp. 447-462

"Turkey is a country where democratization process has been repeatedly interrupted by military interventions in the past 50 years. Censorship and self-censorship have become ordinary practices in the media, mainly due to weak parliamentary representations followed by oppressive coup periods. Yet eve ... more

Medios de comunicación en el estado plurinacional: Una reflexión desde el gremio de los periodistas sobre las relaciones expuestas y subyacentes del poder político constituido y los medios de comunicación en su función informativa

Ronald Grebe, Carlos A. Camacho Azurduy

La Paz: Asociación de Periodistas de La Paz (APLP);Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) (2012), 85 pp.

Censura y autocensura periodística en Bolivia: Una perspectiva desde la profesión misma

Virginie Poyetton

La Paz: Fundación UNIR (2012), 80 pp.

"A partir de una encuesta anónima y grupos focales en las tres ciudades del eje, La Paz, Santa Cruz y Cochabamba, se buscó analizar la problemática desde la profesión misma. El propósito de la investigación fue conocer la percepción y evaluar el grado de (auto) censura de los periodistas al r ... more

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Old Tricks in a New Era: Self-Censorship in Indonesian Journalism

Ross Tapsell

Asian Studies Review, volume 36, issue 2 (2012), pp. 227-245

"Even though Indonesia has entered a new era of democracy and press freedom, self-censorship still exists in the professional practice of many Indonesian newspaper journalists. Indonesia has a long history of censorship, particularly pressure from the government encouraging journalists to self-censo ... more

Justifying Self-Censorship: A Perspective from Ethiopia

Terje S. Skjerdal

Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, volume 7, issue 2 (2010), pp. 98-121

"This study investigates self-Censorship practices in Ethiopian state media institutions. Through indepth interviews with 61 journalists, the study discloses extensive use of self-Censorship on the part of journalists who try to conform to the expected reporting style of the state media. The journal ... more