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Snap Judgements: How Audiences Who Lack Trust in News Navigate Information on Digital Platforms

Amy Ross Arguedas, Sumitra Badrinathan, Camila Mont'Alverne, Benjamin Toff, Richard Fletcher, Rasmus Kleis Nielsen

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2022), 43 pp.

"In this report, we qualitatively examine how audiences who lack trust in most news organisations in their countries navigate the digital information environment, especially how they make sense of the news they encounter while using social media, messaging applications, or search engines. Drawing on ... a sample of 100 individuals in four countries – Brazil, India, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) – we centre on how they use Facebook, WhatsApp, and Google, based on a unique interviewing approach anchored in their concrete everyday experiences. Participants were asked to describe and respond to what they actually saw on their screens as they navigated these platforms in real time while speaking to members of our research team. This research is focused on individuals with minimal trust in most news sources and below-average interest in politics – a population often neglected in audience research since these individuals tend to be least likely to consume news. However, for that same reason, understanding the way they encounter and engage with information online is of particular importance. Indeed, in line with prior survey-based research (Toff et al. 2021c), we found these individuals tended to be indifferent towards, or even opposed to, the idea of receiving news through platforms, which they said they primarily used for other purposes. What we found is that when they did encounter news on platforms and sought to assess how credible the information might be, they often relied on cues for making quick, in-the-moment judgements, which were particularly important since many of these users rarely clicked through to the original sources of news. The mental shortcuts people discussed, summarised in Figure 1, involved (1) pre-existing ideas they held about news in general or specific news brands (where the information was coming from), but also several other factors: (2) social cues from family and friends (who shared or engaged with the news), (3) the tone and wording of headlines (whether or not it was perceived as clickbait), (4) the use of visuals (which they often saw as important evidence for what could or could not be trusted), and (5) the presence of advertising (whether or not information appeared to be sponsored). Additional (6) platform-specific cues also played a role in shaping judgements about what to trust. These involved design decisions around how information appears on platforms (e.g. what labels appear, what is given most prominence), which in turn affect many of these other cues." (Introduction and key findings, page 3) more

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Misinformation Across Digital Divides: Theory and Evidence from Northern Ghana

Elena Gadjanova, Gabrielle Lynch, Ghadafi Saibu

African Affairs, volume 121, issue 483 (2022), pp. 161-195

"Social media misinformation is widely recognized as a significant and growing global problem. Yet, little is known about how misinformation spreads across broader media ecosystems, particularly in areas with varying internet access and connectivity. Drawing on research in northern Ghana, we seek to ... more

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¿Hay concentración en internet en América Latina? El caso Uruguay

Gabriel E. Levy B.

Montevideo: Observacom; Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) (2022), 16 pp.

"El análisis de la información disponible sobre ocho indicadores de concentración en Internet en Uruguay muestra que en casi todas ellas unas pocas empresas tienen una posición dominante en el mercado o servicio relevado." (Conclusiones, página 16)

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TikTok/Douyin Use and its Influencer Video Use: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Between Chinese and US Users

Yang Yang

Online Media and Global Communication, volume 1, issue 2 (2022), pp. 339-368

"This cross-cultural comparison study between China and the US aimed to examine the short video-sharing social media platform, TikTok/Douyin, particularly its use in the two countries. Because China and the US have some evident differences in cultural values, they are ideal for cross-cultural compar ... more

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"News is Life and Death to Us": Understanding Media Audiences in Post-Coup Myanmar

Emilie Lehmann-Jacobsen, Myat The Thitsar

International Media Support (IMS) (2022), 23 pp.

"This publication presents the findings from an audience study carried out by International Media Support (IMS) and Nyan Corridor in June-August 2022. The report provides insights into the media habits of the population of Myanmar following the 2021-military coup as well as people’s news concepts, ... more

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Technology of the Oppressed: Inequity and the Digital Mundane in Favelas of Brazil

David Nemer

Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press (2022), xi, 218 pp.

"David Nemer draws on extensive ethnographic fieldwork to provide a rich account of how favela residents engage with technology in community technology centers and in their everyday lives. Their stories reveal the structural violence of the information age. But they also show how those oppressed by ... more

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Why’s Everyone on TikTok Now? The Algorithmized Self and the Future of Self-Making on Social Media

Aparajita Bhandari, Sara Bimo

Social Media + Society, volume 8, issue 1 (2022), pp. 1-11

"The video-sharing social media platform TikTok has experienced a rapid rise in use since its release in 2016. While its popularity is undeniable, at the first glance, it seems to offer features already available on previously existing and wellestablished platforms such as Instagram, YouTube, and Fa ... more

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Conflict and Online Space in the Sahel: Challenges and Recommendations

Jiaxuan Yue, Habibou Bako, Kelsey Hampton et al.

Brussels: Search for Common Ground (2022), 5 pp.

"With the growth of new social media users across the Sahel, existing conflict dynamics are increasingly manifesting. Sahelians are entering a complex digital space. The ability of individuals and communities to adapt to online/offline conflict dynamics will define the future of conflict in the regi ... more

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Du gehörst uns! Die psychologischen Strategien von Facebook, TikTok, Snapchat & Co - und wie wir uns vor der großen Manipulation schützen

Christian Montag

Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb), Sonderausg. (2022), 414 pp.

"Welche menschlichen Eigenschaften machen sich die Entwickler von Facebook oder Tiktok, Snapchat, Twitter oder Instagram zunutze, damit wir uns an sie binden, auf ihren Seiten verweilen, unsere Timeline pflegen, Beiträge liken, retweeten oder Kommentare posten? Welche kommerziell oder manipulativ n ... more

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Digital News Report 2021

Nic Newman, Richard Fletcher, Anne Schulz, Simge Andi, Craig T. Robertson, Rasmus Kleis Nielsen (eds.)

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2021), 163 pp.

"This year's report reveals new insights about digital news consumption based on a YouGov survey of over 92,000 online news consumers in 46 markets including India, Indonesia, Thailand, Nigeria, Colombia and Peru for the first time. The report looks at the impact of coronavirus on news consumption a ... more

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Syria Audience Research Study

Alex Fisher, Maureen Taylor

Free Press Unlimited (2021), 29 pp.

"Syrians greatly desire news that is free from political partisanship and interference; are reflective and capable of making conscious and informed decisions; are resourceful, reflective and desire the full picture of news and events; value variety in terms of sources, and are therefore often drawn ... more

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Digital Anthropology

Haidy Geismar, Hannah Knox (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge, 2nd ed. (2021), xii, 336 pp.

"Digital Anthropology 2nd Edition explores how human and digital can be defined in relation to one another within issues as diverse as social media use, virtual worlds, hacking, quantified self, blockchain, digital environmentalism and digital representation. The book challenges the moral universal ... more

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Peruano digital

Lima: Ipsos Perú (2021), 1 p.

"Se estima que 9.1 millones de peruanos son digitales. Representan el 54% de la población urbana de 18 a 70 años." (Página 1)

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Though Alert to its Dangers, Zimbabweans Embrace Social Media and Demand Unrestricted Access

Stephen Ndoma, Simangele Moyo-Nyede, Jonathan Kugarakuripi

Afrobarometer (2021), 10 pp.

"Eight in 10 adult Zimbabweans (80%) say they have heard about social media. More than four in 10 (42%) citizens say they get news from social media “every day” or “a few times a week.” Among those who have heard about social media the vast majority (91%) say social media helps keep people i ... more

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Media Influence Matrix: Jordan. Technology, Public Sphere and Journalism

Mohammad Abu Hawash, Marius Dragomir

Budapest: Center for Media, Data and Society (CMDS) (2021), 28 pp.

"As for internet use, the percentage of the population with access to internet rose to 89% in 2019 from 48% in 2015. Access to a mobile phone and internet in Jordan has become a matter of choice rather than affordability or accessibility. The Syrian refugee crisis explains the overshooting in mobile ... phone penetration in Jordan during the 2010s. During the past decade, the Jordanian telecommunications industry has transformed from duopoly to oligopoly. Jordan’s three major telecommunications companies together worked to protect their positions in the Jordanian telecoms market. The market saw constant growth and a rapid introduction of new media technologies. Due to these technological advancements, the country has become known in the region as an increasingly influential tech hub [...] In the public sphere, Jordan has experienced an unstable legal and regulatory landscape for the media. The government constantly revises its audiovisual media and publications laws. This places those media networks with a proximity to the state at an advantage, since they have deeper insight into the expectations of the state. Independent media, on the other hand, suffers from the successive governments’ meddling in the foundational laws of the media industry. The work of journalists has been often obstructed by the blocking of hundreds of websites for failing to comply with one or another rendition of the publications law. Many journalists found their employers losing investors and/or funding after the state issued a registration requirement for websites publishing content out of Jordan. Due to strong public pressure, this requirement in the publications law was later revised. Jordan’s journalism sphere had a more difficult decade than the technology field. Restrictions on internet access and high taxes on independent media (compared with tax-exemption status for some media agencies that are close to the government) hurt several media organizations. Stagnation and decline in consumption of print media added to the woes. Jordanian newspapers are enjoying higher readership than ever but also the lowest revenues per reader in history. This is due to declining subscription rates. Jordanian journalists were stunned in the first half of the 2010s to see Jordan’s daily newspaper Al-Arab Al-Yawm end print circulation and shut down operations completely a few years later. Subscriptions to daily newspapers declined by 50% compared to their 2000s levels." (Pages 4-5) more

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Ugandans See Social Media as Beneficial and Want Unrestricted Access, But Are Wary of its Use to Spread Fake News

Makanga Ronald Kakumba, Josephine Appiah-Nyamekye Sanny

Afrobarometer (2021), 11 pp.

"Daily news consumption via social media (11%) and the Internet (9%) has doubled in Uganda since 2015, though these platforms still lag far behind television (27%) and radio (54%) as daily news sources. Six in 10 Ugandans (60%) say they are aware of social media. Awareness is less widespread among w ... more

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L'usage des technologies de l'information et de la communication en Afrique centrale: L'exemple du Gabon. Politique, médias et développement

Nielle Ditengou Rockaya

Paris: L'Harmattan (2021), 286 pp.

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Digital 2021: Global Overview Report

Simon Kemp (ed.)

We Are Social; Hootsuite (2021), 300 slides

"Many people connected to the internet for the first time as they adapted to the challenges of COVID-19, while existing users embraced new digital tools and rediscovered old favourites. As a result, many of the indicators in our Global Digital Reports have seen remarkable levels of growth over the p ... more

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Los estudios de la audiencia: De la tradición a la innovación

Natalia Quintas Froufe, Ana González Neira (eds.)

Barcelona: Gedisa (2021), 261 pp.

"Siguiendo con la conexión entre tradición e innovación, la estructura del libro parte de una aproximación teórica al concepto de audiencia y su evolución histórica para, a continuación, explicar las principales metodologías de investigación en audiencias, tanto cuantitativas como cualitat ... more

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All my Friends Live in My Computer: Trauma, Tactical Media, and Meaning

Samira Rajabi

New Brunswick et al.: Rutgers University Press (2021), xi, 157 pp.

"All My Friends Live in my Computer combines personal stories, media studies, and interdisciplinary theories to examine case studies from three unique parts of society. From illness narratives among breast cancer patients to political upheaval among Iranian-Americans, this book examines what people ... more