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A Strategy for Effective Counterspeech Against Online Hate and Disinformation in Sri Lanka

Nalaka Gunawardene et al.

Dehiwala: National Christian Evangelical Alliance of Sri Lanka (NCEASL) (2022), 78 pp.

"This strategy, prepared through a consultative process, identifies some approaches and interventions in counter speech in the context of Sri Lanka's socio-political realities. It is meant to help streamline and scale up various efforts already being pursued by different individuals or groups. The f ... more

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Elections in Digital Times: A Guide for Electoral Practitioners
Key Guidance

Inspiring Practice

Robert Krimmer, Armin Rabitsch, Nathan Licht Marta Achler

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 146 pp.

"This handbook offers a comprehensive overview of international and regional standards and commitments related to the rights to freedom of expression, access to information, political participation, and privacy in the area of the internet, social media and Artificial Intelligence in elections. It al ... more

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A Framework for Assessing the Role of Public Service Media Organizations in Countering Disinformation

Minna Horowitz, Stephen Cushion, Marius Dragomir, Sergio Gutiérrez, Manjón Pantti, Mervi Pantti

Digital Journalism, volume 10, issue 5 (2022), pp. 843-865

"Public service media (PSM) are widely acknowledged as part of the variety of solutions to disinformation. The remit of PSM, formed around values of universality, equality, diversity, accuracy and quality, implies a responsibility to fight disinformation by producing fact-based news content and find ... more

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Addressing Hate Speech: Educational Responses

Nicole Fournier-Sylvester

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 14 pp.

"This paper will discuss the challenges and opportunities of addressing both online and offline hate speech through education and recommend comprehensive approaches for effective educational strategies. Incorporating context-based teaching and learning practices that promote responsible global citiz ... more

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Research Note: Fighting Misinformation or Fighting for Information?

Alberto Acerbi, Sacha Altay, Hugo Mercier

Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, volume 3, issue 1 (2022), pp. 1-15

"A wealth of interventions have been devised to reduce belief in fake news or the tendency to share such news. By contrast, interventions aimed at increasing trust in reliable news sources have received less attention. In this article, we show that, given the very limited prevalence of misinformatio ... more

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Mapping of Legal Framework and Responses by Actors to Address Harmful Content Online in Kenya

Caleb Gichuhi, Kate Mytty, Amos Atuya

Build Up (2022), 47 pp.

"This report details the legal framework / rule of law tools in place, and responses by the government, social media companies, and civil society to address illegal harmful content and potentially harmful content online in Kenya. This research draws from 13 interviews with people active in Kenya's g ... more

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Disinformation, Hoaxes, Curation and Verification: Review of Studies in Ibero-America 2017-2020

Javier Guallar, Lluis Codina, Pere Freixa, Pérez-Montoro Mario

Online Media and Global Communication, volume 1, issue 3 (2022), pp. 648-668

"This article is aligned with the recommendations of the main international organizations that fight against disinformation and infodemic, providing a review work that can be useful for researchers, professionals and scholars of the subject. Review articles like this one also help to establish futur ... more

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Technique-Based Inoculation Against Real-World Misinformation

Jon Roozenbeek, Cecilie S. Traberg, Sander Van der Linden

Royal Society Open Science, volume 9, issue 211719 (2022), 13 pp.

"In recent years, numerous psychological interventions have been developed to reduce susceptibility to misinformation. Inoculation theory has become an increasingly common framework for reducing susceptibility to both individual examples of misinformation (issue-based inoculation) and to the techniq ... more

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Psychological Inoculation Improves Resilience Against Misinformation on Social Media

Jon Roozenbeek, Sander van der Linden, Beth Goldberg, Steve Rathja, Stephan Lewandowsky

Science Advances, volume 8, issue 34 (2022), 12 pp.

"Online misinformation continues to have adverse consequences for society. Inoculation theory has been put forward as a way to reduce susceptibility to misinformation by informing people about how they might be misinformed, but its scalability has been elusive both at a theoretical level and a pract ... more

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Media Freedom in Southeast Asia: Repeal Restrictive Laws, Strengthen Quality Journalism

Bangkok: Asia Centre;Friedrich Naumann Foundation (2022), 41 pp.

"This report proposes solutions on how best to equip journalists and other key actors to fulfil their vital role in a changing landscape. While censorship is an alluring option in the face of disinformation over the internet, it is important to find avenues to facilitate the responsible and ethical ... more

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Towards a Safer and More Free Internet: Expert Opinion on the Draft Digital Services Act

Henrike Weiden

Potsdam: Friedrich Naumann Foundation (2022), 29 pp.

"With the Digital Services Act (DSA) and the Digital Markets Act (DMA) package, the European Union will adopt what is probably the most significant international standard-setting project besides the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It is expected that the DSA will have far-reaching impact ... more

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Countering Disinformation in Pakistan: Lessons and Recommendations for Digital Journalism

Waqas Naeem, Adnan Rehmat

Freedom Network;Digital Media Alliance of Pakistan (DigiMAP) (2022), 48 pp.

"The study finds that journalistic and fact-checking disinformation responses in the country have struggled due to lack of conceptual understanding of disinformation among journalists, monetization trends that incentivize sensationalist news and reduce the impact of capacity building initiatives, la ... more

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A Human Rights Approach to Tackle Disinformation: Submission to the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights

Amnesty International (2022), 16 pp.

"Instead of criminalising or otherwise silencing people to address misinformation and disinformation, States should step up their efforts to ensure credible, reliable, objective, evidence-based and accessible information is disseminated to all." (Back cover)

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The Strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation 2022
Key Guidance

European Commission (2022), 40 pp.

"The Code of Practice on Disinformation is a first-of-its kind tool through which relevant players in the industry agreed - for the first time in 2018 - on self-regulatory standards to fight disinformation. Its revision process was launched in June 2021 and, after the signature and presentation of t ... more

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Protecting the truth: Peace operations and disinformation

Monika Benkler, Annika S. Hansen, Lilian Reichert

Berlin: Center for International Peace Operations (2022), 18 pp.

"This study discusses how and to what extent peace operations are affected by digital disinformation and how international organisations (UN, EU, OSCE and NATO) as mandating bodies for peace operations have responded to limit the effect of disinformation or even prevent it. Based on this assessment ... more

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Conflict and Online Space in the Sahel: Challenges and Recommendations

Jiaxuan Yue, Habibou Bako, Kelsey Hampton et al.

Brussels: Search for Common Ground (2022), 5 pp.

"With the growth of new social media users across the Sahel, existing conflict dynamics are increasingly manifesting. Sahelians are entering a complex digital space. The ability of individuals and communities to adapt to online/offline conflict dynamics will define the future of conflict in the regi ... more

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Misinformation and disinformation: An international effort using behavioural science to tackle the spread of misinformation

Chiara Varazzani, Michaela Sullivan-Paul, Lauryn Conway, Andrea Colasanti, Nicholas Diamond

Paris: OECD;OPSI (2022), 31 pp.

"The OECD convened a first-of-its kind international partnership on behavioural science and misinformation between the Canadian and the French governments to develop and disseminate behaviourally-informed and evidence-based solutions that can guide government response to misinformation. The study te ... more

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Countering disinformation for the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms

United Nations Secretary General

United Nations, General Assembly (2022), 19 pp.

"The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/227. In it, the Secretary-General describes the challenges posed by disinformation and the responses to it, sets out the relevant international legal framework and discusses measures that States and technology enterprises re ... more

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A Treatment for Viral Deception? Automated Moderation of COVID-19 Disinformation

Julia Haas

Universität Innsbruck (2022), 110 pp.

"This paper examines responses to disinformation, in particular those involving automated tools, from a human rights perspective. It provides an introduction to current automated content moderation and curation practices, and to the interrelation between the digital information ecosystem and the phe ... more

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Brazil's Electoral Justice Permanent Program on Countering Disinformation: Strategic Plan Elections 2022

Aline Rezende Peres Osorio, Frederico Franco Alvim, Giselly Siqueira et al.

Brasilia: Brazil Superior Electoral Court;Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE) (2022), 61 pp.

"The actions to be developed are distributed in three axes: (i) Inform, aimed at the dissemination of official, reliable and quality information; (ii) Empower, aimed at media literacy and training the whole of society to understand the phenomenon of disinformation and the functioning of the electora ... l process; and (iii) Respond, related to the identification of cases of disinformation and the adoption of strategies, both preventive and repressive, to contain its negative effects. For the 2022 electoral cycle, the first axis has five projects with their own purposes and goals. They are: (i) mass dissemination network of truthful and official information about elections and the Electoral Justice; (ii) chatbot – electoral queries on WhatsApp; (iii) access, dissemination and enhancement of the scope of fact checking on the electoral process; (iv) deepening electoral transparency; (v) development and improvement of other technological tools and digital channels to disseminate true and quality information. In this strategic point, the Court’s action is guided by the preferential position of freedom of expression, in the legal system, by encouraging plurality of information. Likewise, information actions meet the recommendations for “prophylactic” prebunking actions (that is, strategies to reduce citizens’ susceptibility to disinformation by exposing examples of how disinformation operates). The second axis, in turn, includes seven initiatives: (i) training for internal and external audiences on disinformation, on the integrity of Brazilian elections and on the fundamentality of the Electoral Justice as an institution that guarantees democracy; (ii) prevention of the mental health of members, agents and collaborators of the Electoral Justice who deal directly with actions to contain disinformation; (iii) training the internal and external public on the electoral process, including the functions performed by it in the context of the democratic rule of Law; (iv) awareness campaigns on disinformation and media and information education actions for the external public; (v) cooperation and actions to enhance reaching partners’ media and information literacy initiatives; (vi) dialog with political parties and party federations to make them aware of their responsibility in the context of fighting against disinformation; (vii) support to other public institutions to implement actions to confronting disinformation. Finally, the response axis encompasses eight projects: (i) permanent coalition for verification; (ii) engagement of digital platforms and their technological resources in confronting structured networks of disinformation and inauthentic behavior; (iii) reporting channel for mass shooting of content in partnership with WhatsApp; (iv) creating a network to monitor disinformation practices against the electoral process; (v) containment of disinformation on Telegram; (vi) partnership and dialog with the Federal Police and the Electoral Prosecutor Office; (vii) Strategic Cyberintelligence Committee and (viii) review and elaboration of norms that acts against the practice of disinformation in the Electoral Justice, as a way of preventing the phenomenon in question. Concerning to this point, the planning met the parameters of timely response, appreciation of fact checking, importance of engagement and transparency of platforms, as well as the expansion and improvement of channels for complaints." (Presentation, page 5-6) more

Elections in Digital Times: A Guide for Electoral Practitioners Key Guidance Inspiring Practice

The Strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation 2022 Key Guidance

Elections in Digital Times: A Guide for Electoral Practitioners
Key Guidance

Inspiring Practice

The Strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation 2022
Key Guidance