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Japan's International Democracy Assistance as Soft Power: Neoclassical Realist Analysis

Maiko Ichihara

London; New York: Routledge (2018), xiii, 149 pp.

"Most of Japan's civil society assistance targets media. JICA's policy guideline on peace-building assistance regards media assistance as one of the target categories of Japan's democracy assistance (Japanese International Cooperation Agency JICA, 2009). The International Peace Cooperation Council ( ... Kokusai Heiwa Kyoryoku Kondankai), which was established within the Cabinet Office. recommended boosting Japan's media assistance in its report published in December 2002 (Council on International Peace Cooperation 2002, 42). Japan has assisted media through grants, technical assistance, expert dispatch, expert training, and the provision of materials related to broadcasting (JICA 20046, 50). Japan has provided media assistance mainly to TV and radio stations. According to Masakazu Sakashita (2006, 122), 127 TV media assistance projects and 56 radio assistance projects had been conducted by September 2005, while Japan has never provided media assistance to print media such as newspapers and magazines. This is because Japan regards telecommunication and broadcasting technology as its comparative advantage and thus focuses on those projects that require it. Indeed, the chief characteristic of Japan's media assistance is that it focuses on facilities such as information and telecommunication networks instead of media content. Project contents include the improvement of production capacity and broadcasting skills, repair of ground communication systems, and provision of studio equipment. Seminars are provided to teach how to use and maintain the equipment provided through such projects as well (JICA 20046, 50). Expert training has been conducted for countries such as Indonesia and Sri Lanka in addition to broadcasting infrastructure assistance, which provided training for program production. However, this training tends to be a mere supplement to broadcasting in frastructure assistance projects (Sakashita 2006, 122). Within JICA, while it is the former Public Policy Department and the current Industrial Development and Public Policy Division that is in charge of democrac y assistance, the Information and Telecommunication Technology Division is in charge of media assistance. This shows that Japan's media assistance is conducted mainly as broadcasting technical assistance rather than democracy assistance, as Sakashita (2006, 122) notes. Japan's media assistance to Afghanistan in 2002 helped broadcast the country's Loya Jirga, or national assembly, on TV via satellite. Its aim was to show the discussion at the national assembly and the process of choosing the interim president of the country to increase the legitimacy of the new administration (JICA 2004a). The political character of this assistance project was distinct compared with Japan's media assistance until then. However, the project assisted only a state hroadcasting station and did not intend to Increase the capacity of primate media's watchdog functions. In this sense, the actual content of this assistance project was state, not civil society assistance. In addition, the contents of this assistance were to upgrade broadcasting in frastructure and provide equipment and training on how to use the equipment. No assistance was provided in terms of the content of the broadcasting. No expert on free and fair broadcasting was included in its preliminary study group, and all the experts were broadcasting technical specialists, which shows the weakness of Japan's interest in supporting the role of media in democracy (JICA 2002). The project document did not set contribution to democracy as an evaluation criterion of the project, either (Sakashita 2006, 124)." (Pages 51-53) more

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Same Beds, Different Dreams? Charitable Foundations and Newsroom Independence in the Global South

Anya Schiffrin

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2017), 32 pp.

"The growing trend of non-profit journalism has received much attention of late, but this report takes a unique look at how non-profit funding is affecting journalism in the Global South. Amidst the collapse of traditional business models for news organizations, funding from philanthropic foundation ... more

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Media Assistance: Review of the Recent Literature and Other Donors’ Approaches
Top Insights

Mary Myers, Nicola Harford, Katie Bartholomew

iMedia Associates;Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) (2017), 82 pp.

"The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) has commissioned iMedia Associates (iMedia) to conduct a Capitalisation Exercise (CapEx) of its media assistance, with the primary objective of examining its current programmes and bringing out lessons learned. As the second output of this CapE ... more

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SDC’s Media Assistance: Report of Capitalisation Exercise

Mary Myers, Nicola Harford, Katie Bartholomew

iMedia Associates (2017), 101 pp.

"This is a review of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation’s (SDC) media assistance by consultants from iMedia. The aim is to capitalise on SDC’s experience of media over the last 10 years. The objective is to examine the organisation’s current media assistance programmes and bring ... more

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Africa's Media Boom: The Role of International Aid
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Mary Myers

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2014), 35 pp.

"Since the early 1990s, media outlets in Sub-Saharan Africa have proliferated extraordinarily, freeing Africa's press and liberating the airwaves from monopoly by the state. This paper summarises these developments and analyses in how far foreign donors were catalysts of this development. Myers desc ... more

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China in Africa's Media and Telecommunications: Cooperation, Connectivity and Control

Iginio Gagliardone, Sam Geall

Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre (NOREF) (2014), 6 pp.

"China is changing Africa’s media sphere. The country supports African broadcasters with loans, training, and exchange programmes and has set up its own media operations on the continent, creating an African arm of the state-run broadcaster CCTV and expanding existing initiatives, such as the stat ... more

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Deutsche Förderprogramme für Journalistinnen und Journalisten aus Osteuropa: Eine Bestandsaufnahme und Evaluation

Edith Spielhagen

Berlin: Internationales Journalisten-Kolleg, Freie Universität Berlin (2013), 53 pp.

"Medienförderung für Osteuropa spielt in Deutschland seit dem Beginn der 1990er Jahre eine wichtige Rolle. Eine Vielzahl an Akteuren ist im Bereich der Aus- und Weiterbildung für osteuropäische Journalistinnen und Journalisten aktiv [...] Der Schwerpunkt der Programmbeteiligung liegt bei jungen ... more

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Working in Concert: Coordination and Collaboration in International Media Development

Walter Dean

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2012), 27 pp.

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Mapping EU Media Support 2000-2010

Andrew Puddephatt, Per Oesterlund

EPRD Policy & Development;European Commission (2012), 52 pp.

"Generally, data about media development support are not complete and reliable due to insufficient classification categories in the DAC system, so the EC and most other international institutions and organisations share the problem of not having solid knowledge about the scope and size of support in ... this field. This is also the case in the CRIS data base, which does not distinguish for example between public diplomacy and media support [...] As a consequence, the amounts and other figures in this report should not be taken as exact values. But the mapping does show some clear trends and tendencies despite the weakness ofthe basic data, and the main findings are: According to the information available in the CRIS data base and the definition of projects applied for this support, the total amount spent on media development and freedom of expression in the period 2000-2010 has been 148,4 Million Euro. More than half of the total amount has been spent in the neighbour countries East and South of the EU. More than 40 % has been spent in the Western Balkans, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Russia, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and Turkey, while 12,5 % has been spent in the Middle East and North Africa. 24,3 % of the total funds have been spent in Sub-Saharan Africa. The EC support for media development and freedomof expression has been limited compared with the bilateral support from EU. Member States and other bilateral donors. For comparison the Swedish budget for media support from SIDA in 2012 is 26 Million Euro and DfiD supports the BBC Media Action with more than 20 Million Euro per year. The funding comes from a variety of thematic and geographic Instruments with the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights, EIDHR, as the single biggest source, which accounts for 41 % of the total support. Other significant Instruments are IPA, CARDS, ENPI and MED. The main focus has been on training of journalists and editors in journalistic skills and professional standards. Other initiatives have been support to reform of media related legislation and direct support to endangered journalists and writers. The projects supportedby the EC have not been different from projects funded by bilateral donors. Very few projects have benefitted from the potential comparative advantages of the EC/EU as a multinational entity. Very few projects have been designed and implemented in cooperation with member states or other donor agencies, and the projects do not reflect on-going internal medla developments in the EU. There seems to be more focus on EU visibility than on EU additionallity. The top ten contract holders have implemented 36 % of the total project value with BBC Media Action as the single biggest partner, which has implemented almost ten percent of the total project value in the period 2000-2010. lnternews (with lnternews Europe as the biggest entity) comes second with 4,6 % of the total project value followed by the International Federation of Journalists with 3,4 % of the project value. The EC is seen as a “difficult“ or “bureaucratic“ donor agency, which is difficult to approach for smaller organisations because the possible funding does not correspond with the paper work needed to apply for support." (Executive summary more

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Journalism and Media Grant Making: Five Things You Need to Know, Five Ways to Get Started

Michele McLellan, Eric Newton

Miami; Philadelphia, Pa.: Knight Foundation;Penn Foundation (2011), 35 pp.

"Foundations are making more media and journalism grants not for the sake of media alone, but because they are finding they need a healthy news ecosystem in order to achieve their strategic goals." With this in mind, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation and the William Penn Foundation have pub ... more

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The "Fourth Estate" in Democracy Assistance: Practices and Challenges of German and International Media Development Cooperation. 6th Symposium Forum Media and Development

Christoph Dietz, Julia Steffenfauseweh, Angelika Mendes (eds.)

St. Augustin; Berlin; Aachen: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS);Catholic Media Council (CAMECO) (2011), 69 pp.

"The first part of this publication provides insight into the media development practices and policy frameworks of France, Germany, Norway and the United Kingdom while the second part deals with different issues and projects, such as the role of media for social transformation in Africa and coordina ... more

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Support Study Regarding Media and Development Programmes Currently in Africa Funded by European Donors: Final Report
Top Insights

Jorgen Ringgaard, Milica Pesic, Moussa Sawadogo, Jean Ouedraogo

Soges;European Union (2010), 50 pp. + annexes

"As a follow up on the Media and Development Forum, which took place in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) on 11-13 September 2008, the European Commission initiated this study to map out the projects and programmes which European donors have in place to support media development in Africa [...] Some 240 co ... more

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Annual Report 2009-2010

Media Development & Diversity Agency (MDDA) (2010), 146 pp.

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Cooperación en cultura-comunicación en el Mediterráneo: España, Francia e Italia con Marruecos, Túnez y Argelia. Creando espejos

Manuel Chaparro

Madrid: Fundación Alternativas, Observatorio de Cultura y Comunicación (2010), 63 pp.

"La cultura-comunicación, más que promover la integración de países, debe buscar la integración de ciudadanos, trabajando los denominadores comunes definidos en las Declaraciones Universales de los Derechos Humanos, Pueblos Indígenas y Medio Ambiente. Es éste el capítulo más deficitario de ... more

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Funding for Media Development by Major Donors Outside the United States
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Mary Myers

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2009), 64 pp.

"This publication describes the main media assistance funders outside the USA in an alphabetical fashion from 'Arab States' to 'United Kingdom', complemented by data on the European Commission (EC), UNESCO and UNDP. The EC is likely to be the biggest single funder of media development projects besid ... more

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U.S. Public and Private Funding of Independent Media Development Abroad

Peter Graves

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2007), 28 pp.

"U.S. funding for international media development in 2006—public and private—exceeded $142 million; U.S. government funding totaled nearly $69 million; U.S. private sector funding totaled over $60 million; and Funding from government-supported nonprofit organizations—the National Endowment for ... more

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Google Scholar (9)

WorldCat (9)

International Aid and the News Sector in Cambodia

Judith Clarke

In: Journalism and Democracy in Asia

Angela Rose Romano; Michael Bromley (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2005), pp. 41-53

"Aid efforts have encountered a number of problems: oversupply of basic courses, overlapping and duplication of courses and a lack of understanding of local conditions on the part of some donors [...] Better planning and coordination could improve the situation, as could efforts to encourage journal ... more

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Broadcasting and Development: Options for the World Bank

Carter Eltzroth, Charles Kenny

Washington, DC: World Bank (2003), 24 pp.

"The World Bank should take a more active role in policy and regulatory activities targeting the broadcasting sector because: broadcasting can have a significant part to play in the fight to reduce global poverty; convergence of information and communications technologies (ICT) is allowing broadcast ... more

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Overview of Media Support to Southeast Europe

Yasha Lange

Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe, Media Task Force (2003), 28 pp.

"The overview of activities to support the media in Southeast Europe is not equally detailed and comprehensive for each country or organization. Also, the information made available for this overview was provided in different ways: narrative or tables, divided by country or type of activity. This ma ... more

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Arbeitsmappe Praxis und Perspektiven der deutschen Medienförderung

Aachen; Bonn: Catholic Media Council (CAMECO);Evangelischer Entwicklungsdienst (EED);Fachstelle Eine Welt Medien (2002), 115 pp.

"Listet die Profile von 21 in der Medien- und Journalistenförderung tätigen Institutionen auf, vom BMZ bis zum Solidaritätsfonds Demokratische Medien in der Welt. Außerdem sind die folgenden Veröffentlichungen beigefügt: Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage "Förderung der Medien ... more

Media Assistance: Review of the Recent Literature and Other Donors’ Approaches Top Insights

Africa's Media Boom: The Role of International Aid Top Insights

Support Study Regarding Media and Development Programmes Currently in Africa Funded by European Donors: Final Report Top Insights

Funding for Media Development by Major Donors Outside the United States Top Insights

Media Assistance: Review of the Recent Literature and Other Donors’ Approaches
Top Insights

Africa's Media Boom: The Role of International Aid
Top Insights

Support Study Regarding Media and Development Programmes Currently in Africa Funded by European Donors: Final Report
Top Insights

Funding for Media Development by Major Donors Outside the United States
Top Insights