"1. Global internet freedom declined for the 11th consecutive year. The greatest deteriorations were documented in Myanmar, Belarus, and Uganda, where state forces cracked down amid electoral and constitutional crises. Myanmar’s 14-point score decline is the largest registered since the Freedom on
...
the Net project began. 2. Governments clashed with technology companies on users’ rights. Authorities in at least 48 countries pursued new rules for tech companies on content, data, or competition over the past year. With a few positive exceptions, the push to regulate the tech industry, which stems in some cases from genuine problems like online harassment and manipulative market practices, is being exploited to subdue free expression and gain greater access to private data. 3. Free expression online is under unprecedented strain. More governments arrested users for nonviolent political, social, or religious speech than ever before. Officials suspended internet access in at least 20 countries, and 21 states blocked access to social media platforms. Authorities in at least 45 countries are suspected of obtaining sophisticated spyware or data-extraction technology from private vendors. 4. China ranks as the worst environment for internet freedom for the seventh year in a row. Chinese authorities imposed draconian prison terms for online dissent, independent reporting, and mundane daily communications. The COVID-19 pandemic remains one of the most heavily censored topics. Officials also cracked down on the country’s tech giants, citing their abuses related to competition and data protection, though the campaign further concentrated power in the hands of the authoritarian state." (Key findings)
more
"The Chinese digital technology giants, Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent (BAT), dominate over their competitors in China across platforms that include e-commerce, digital entertainment, e-finance and artificial intelligence (AI). To understand BAT’s corporate power and their strategic role working with
...
the government – in this case, their involvement in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – this paper unveils the capabilities of these three oligopolies and discusses their international expansion in relation to the BRI. The BRI is being constructed on two layers, the physical and digital infrastructure, and the BAT are contributing to the latter. This paper examines the interrelations between BAT and the state through case studies, observing the tensions and potential contradictions arising from the reliance of the Chinese state on the BAT to build digital infrastructure, while the BAT seek to minimize direct state regulation for their datadriven business models." (Abstract)
more
"Digital technologies have changed the public arena, but there is little scholarly consensus about how they have done so. This Element lays out a new framework for the digitally mediated public arena by identifying structural changes and continuities with the pre-digital era. It examines three count
...
ry cases - the United States, Germany, and China. In these countries and elsewhere, the emergence of new infrastructures such as search engines and social media platforms increasingly mediate and govern the visibility and reach of information, and thus reconfigure the transmission belt between citizens and political elites. This shift requires a rethinking of the workings and dysfunctions of the contemporary public arena and ways to improve it." (Publisher description)
more
"Jeder, der sich in irgendeiner Form mit digitalen Medien beschäftigt, lebt in einer paradoxen Welt: Denn zu keinem Feld existieren mehr Daten, Informationen und Statistiken. Aber zugleich handelt es sich stets um isolierte, winzige Partikel und Fragmente, die sich nicht integrieren lassen. Das Pro
...
blem ist: Wir verstehen die Zusammenhänge nicht. Wir sehen den Wald vor lauter Bäumen nicht mehr. Es existiert bis heute keine zusammenhängende, ganzheitliche Darstellung digitaler Medien auf Grundlage ein und derselben Datenbasis – geschweige denn über die Nutzungszusammenhänge der verschiedenen Endgerätekategorien (Desk- bzw Laptop, Smartphone, Tablet). Der Atlas der digitalen Welt liefert erstmals einen allgemeinen Referenzrahmen, der alle unterschiedlichen digitalen Angebote (z. B. Facebook, WhatsApp, Google etc.), Aktivitäten (z. B. Konsum von Content, Shopping, Search, Social Media, etc.), die verschiedenen Endgerätekategorien (Desktop, Smartphone, Tablet) und die unterschiedlichen Nutzerprofile in einer 360° Darstellung abbildet. Diese Darstellung wurde ermöglicht durch die Auswertung des GfK CrossMedia Link Panels, welches die reale Mediennutzung von 16.000 Personen in Deutschland erfasst (es handelt sich hier also nicht um Ergebnisse von Befragungen, sondern um echtes Nutzungsverhalten). Diese Daten werden der Öffentlichkeit hier erstmals zugänglich gemacht. Die Zusammenhänge werden übersichtlich aufbereitet und durch anschauliche Infografiken illustriert, so dass die Inhalte für jedermann verständlich und zugänglich sind." (https://atlasderdigitalenwelt.de)
more
"Content moderation—the process of deciding what stays online and what gets taken down— is an indispensable aspect of the social media industry. Without it, online platforms would be inundated not just by spam, but by personal bullying, neo-Nazi screeds, terrorist beheadings, and child sexual ab
...
use. Despite the centrality of content moderation, however, major social media companies have marginalized the people who do this work, outsourcing the vast majority of it to third-party vendors [...] Examples include custome-help centers in the Philippines, digital device factories in China, and clothing-production facilities in Bangladesh. Outsourcing is not inherently detrimental—if workers are paid fairly and treated humanely. A central question raised by outsourcing, in whatever industry it occurs, is whether it leads to worker exploitation. In social media, there’s an additional concern about whether outsourcing jeopardizes optimal performance of a critical function." (Executive summary)
more
"The Forum on Information & Democracy proposes a number of policy steps to democratic governments and their supporters. Transparency and accountability need to be shored up and content moderation should be done according to democratic mandates and oversight. The impact of new platforms where disinfo
...
rmation can go viral, such as private messenger services, needs to be understood. Through a global democratic coalition, a meaningful alternative should be offered instead of the two dominant models of technology governance: the privatized and the authoritarian. Through the intergovernmental Partnership on Information & Democracy, democratic leaders recognize the information and communication space as a ‘public good’. Now they have to implement their commitments in policies on the national and international level. Our recommendations are designed to shape and support their policy agenda." (Foreword, page 13)
more
"This resource combines the collective wisdom of organizations on the front lines of combatting disinformation globally. This living project provides an outline of what’s being done to address the challenge in key areas and provides a searchable database of the organizations around the world engag
...
ed in making the digital landscape safe for democracy. Effective democracies require that citizens have access to accurate and impartial electoral and political information. Disinformation campaigns spread cynicism, distort political processes and hinder citizens’ ability to make sound political decisions. Together we seek to identify what works, and expand the community engaged in this effort." (Publisher description)
more
"Paul Nemitz und Matthias Pfeffer zeigen eindrücklich, wie die derzeitigen Versuche ethischer Regulierung von Künstlicher Intelligenz zu kurz greifen. Nemitz ist Mitglied der Datenethikkommission der Bundesregierung und war massgeblich verantwortlich für die Einführung der EU-Datenschutzgrundver
...
ordnung. Pfeffer beschäftigt sich als freier TV-Journalist und Produzent mit dem Thema Künstliche Intelligenz. Die Autoren bieten eine genaue Analyse und legen dabei den Schwerpunkt auf die Rolle der Öffentlichkeit und die Gefährdung des Journalismus in digitalen Zeiten. Sie fordern die strikte Regulierung Künstlicher Intelligenz und eine Neubesinnung auf das Prinzip Mensch, das gegen das Prinzip Maschine verteidigt werden muss. Ihr Buch schließt mit klaren Handlungsempfehlungen an Politik, Zivilgesellschaft und insbesondere an die technische Intelligenz." (Verlagsbeschreibung)
more
"Several studies analysed in this paper show that messenger services facilitate and exacerbate the spread of disinformation. Any solution must make allowances for the complexity with which information spreads. The case studies show that a lack of trust in government is a key factor in the proliferat
...
ion of disinformation, as is an increase in nationalism and its epiphenomena, including racism, sexism and anti-semitism. Additionally, a general loss of trust in journalism poses a problem. The infodemic surrounding the novel coronavirus highlights the urgency of the topic. A nuanced and comprehensive discourse on disinformation is crucial, and it is no longer adequate to discuss disinformation as a problem predominantly concerning social media platforms and politics. Addressing the issue can only be achieved by a society as a whole: we need broad social discourse and cannot outsource the solution to social media companies alone. This paper includes six recommendations designed to provide guidelines for political decisions and as a basis for further discourse." (Executive summary, page 4)
more
"[This book] has been thoroughly updated with new content, trends, and conclusions, all based on the latest data. The book examines broadcasting, mass media, and news services ranging from MSNBC, MTV, and CNN to television sitcoms and Hollywood export markets. It investigates the roles of the major
...
players, such as News Corp, Sony, the BBC, Disney, Bertelsmann, Viacom, and Time Warner, and probes the role of advertising and the Internet and their ability to transcend national boundaries and beliefs. New chapters look at the growing importance and significance of other major regions such as the media in the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. The book outlines the major institutions, individuals, corporations, technologies, and issues that are altering the international information, telecommunication, and broadcasting order; focuses on a broad range of issues, including social media and new services like Netflix, as well as Arab and Asian media; includes major updates on discussion of the Internet to incorporate global events over the last few years (such as Russian use thereof, Facebook, Google); looks at how streaming services such as Netflix, Amazon, Spotify, and more have emerged as dominant players in world entertainment; offers an updated instructor’s website with an instructor’s manual, test banks, and student activities." (Publisher description)
more
"Asociada en sus comienzos a un movimiento libertario horizontal y cooperativo, la Red de redes está siendo cooptada por las grandes corporaciones del capitalismo global y convirtiéndose en un peligroso dispositivo de vigilancia ciudadana. Un proceso que la disrupción provocada por la pandemia de
...
l coronavirus ha acelerado bruscamente. A través del análisis de destacados intelectuales, apoyado en un amplio despliegue de mapas, gráficos, infografías y cronologías, 'El Atlas de la revolución digital' constituye un aporte a la comprensión de las vertiginosas mutaciones que están cambiando el mundo tal como lo conocíamos. Una herramienta para reflexionar sobre los alcances de la revolución digital y recuperar el control sobre las tecnologías que se están apoderando de nuestras vidas." (Cubierta del libro)
more
"Die Ökonomen Achim Wambach und Hans Christian Müller zeigen die wesentlichen Problemfelder auf, die durch die Digitalisierung entstehen: die wachsende Macht weniger Großkonzerne, ein für Nutzerinnen und Nutzer undurchsichtiger Umgang mit ihren persönlichen Daten und eine zunehmende Spaltung au
...
f dem Arbeitsmarkt. Trotz dieser Probleme sehen sie im digitalen Wandel ein enormes Potenzial. Um es zu entfalten, bedürfe es der Gestaltung durch gezielte politische Maßnahmen. Wambach und Müller unterbreiten wettbewerbs- und ordnungspolitische sowie bildungs- und sozialpolitische Reformvorschläge, um das Versprechen der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft auf Wohlstand für alle zu erneuern." (Buchrücken)
more
"The Big Nine who will determine the future of artifical intelligence (AI) - Google, Amazon, Apple, Microsoft, IBM, and Facebook in America; and Baidu, Alibaba, and Tencent in China - serve masters with conflicting interests. Wall Street wants profit now without regard to consequences. The Chinese g
...
overnment wants citizens cowed by social controls. These companies are likely to deliver what their respective masters want - decisions that are increasingly out of whack with humanity's best interests. Yet there is still time to choose the right path. In three eye-opening scenarios - optimistic, pragmatic, catastrophic - Webb forecasts the potential directions AI could take. If the Big Nine change course from a path now leading to disaster, AI could indeed be a boon for humanity. If not, our democratic ideals could implode." (Back cover)
more
"We are at a constitutional moment for the future of the internet. Nation states around the world are launching major new initiatives to regulate the internet, both directly against users and by regulating the companies that provide access to telecommunications infras- tructure and content services.
...
The giant technology companies that control the bulk of the commercial internet are themselves under unprecedented scrutiny for the policies they set, the decisions they make, and the choices that go into designing their architecture. In my new book, Lawless, I argue that in this moment of change there is a major opportunity for us all to rethink how the internet should be governed, how power is held to account, and whose values prevail." (Abstract)
more
"Just about any social need is now met with an opportunity to "connect" through digital means. But this convenience is not free—it is purchased with vast amounts of personal data transferred through shadowy backchannels to corporations using it to generate profit. The Costs of Connection uncovers
...
this process, this "data colonialism," and its designs for controlling our lives—our ways of knowing; our means of production; our political participation. Colonialism might seem like a thing of the past, but this book shows that the historic appropriation of land, bodies, and natural resources is mirrored today in this new era of pervasive datafication. Apps, platforms, and smart objects capture and translate our lives into data, and then extract information that is fed into capitalist enterprises and sold back to us. The authors argue that this development foreshadows the creation of a new social order emerging globally—and it must be challenged. Confronting the alarming degree of surveillance already tolerated, they offer a stirring call to decolonize the internet and emancipate our desire for connection." (Publisher description)
more
"Em termo de variedade de conteúdos e formatos, há uma hegemonia quase absoluta dos modelos de negócio calcados no lucro e do entretenimento. Este tipo de conteúdo é o foco de 84% dos sites mais acessados. Apenas a Wikipedia surge como grande produtor e difusor de conteúdo, mas ainda assim de
...
caráter enciclopédico e não na disputa dinâmica pelos acontecimentos. Apenas 9 dos 100 sites mais acessados (9%) são jornalísticos, sendo metade destes relacionados aos grupos Globo e Folha. Da chamada mídia “progressista”, somente dois sites estão entre os 500 mais acessados, Portal Fórum e Brasil 247 (0,4%). Nesta lista, bem como na de aplicativos, não há um veículo sequer de caráter público ou comunitário. Nos canais de YouTube, em que há a presença de novos agentes, inclusive indivíduos, o entretenimento representa 84% dos espaços analisados. A abordagem temática calcada em “comentários diversos”, visando entretenimento, e a baixíssima incidência de conteúdos educativos ou jornalísticos levanta a questão de como esses canais contribuem ou não para o debate público [...] Em uma tentativa de amarração do quadro geral, podemos arriscar dizer que, se por um lado a Internet aumentou o número de agentes na sua camada de aplicações e conteúdos em relação a outros meios, como a TV, por outro, a hegemonia das grandes plataformas e dos grandes grupos de mídia nacional problematizam de um espaço efetivamente democratizado. Ao contrário, o alcance de plataformas como Facebook e YouTube tem uma dimensão que nenhum outro agente da indústria cultural conseguiu anteriormente, mesmo que já houvesse internacionalização de diversos segmentos (como no cinema e nas programadoras de TV por assinatura)." (Sumário executivo, página 15)
more
"Von algorithmischen Prozessen gesteuerte Intermediäre wie Google oder Facebook haben im Vergleich zu redaktionell gesteuerten Medien wie dem Fernsehen einen großen, aber bislang nicht entscheidenden Einfluss auf die öffentliche Meinungsbildung. Sie bewerten die Relevanz von Inhalten viel stärke
...
r als redaktionelle Medien an unmittelbaren Reaktionen des Publikums. Die Nutzung der Intermediäre für öffentliche Meinungsbildung führt zu einem Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit. Zentral ist dabei ein zunehmend personalisiertes und maschinell kuratiertes Medienangebot, bei dem unmittelbare Nutzerreaktionen ein bedeutender Input sind. Eine Reihe psychologischer Faktoren führt aber dazu, dass die ausgewerteten vor allem impulsiven Publikumsreaktionen schlecht geeignet sind, um Relevanz im Sinne klassischer Leitwerte wie Wahrheit, Vielfalt oder gesellschaftliche Integration zu bewerten, die in Deutschland Grundlage der von redaktionellen Medien geschaffenen Öffentlichkeit sind. Im Zentrum der komplexen Wechselwirkungen digitaler Öffentlichkeit stehen algorithmische Prozesse, die Inhalte sortieren und deren Zusammenstellung personalisieren. Deshalb müssen Lösungen zuerst hier ansetzen." (Verlagsbeschreibung)
more
"Global Media Giants takes an in-depth look at how media corporate power works globally, regionally, and nationally, investigating the ways in which the largest and most powerful media corporations in the world wield power. Case studies examine not only some of the largest media corporations (News C
...
orp, Microsoft) in terms of revenues, but also media corporations that hold considerable power within national, regional, or geolinguistic contexts (Televisa, Bertelsmann, Sony). Each chapter approaches a different corporation through the lens of economy, politics, and culture, giving students and scholars a thoughtful and data-driven guide with which to interrogate contemporary media industry power." (Publisher description)
more
"Ranking Digital Rights’ inaugural Corporate Accountability Index evaluates 16 of the world’s most powerful Internet and telecommunications companies on their commitments, policies, and practices that affect users’ freedom of expression and privacy. By opening the door for greater corporate tr
...
ansparency and public scrutiny of business practices, the Index encourages companies to do a better job of respecting their users’ rights around the globe [...] Highlights: There are no “winners.” Even companies in the lead are falling short. Across the board, companies need to improve their disclosure of policies and practices that affect users’ freedom of expression and privacy, as well as their commitments to these human rights. Only six companies scored at least 50 percent of the total possible points. The highest score was only 65 percent." (Executive summary)
more
"The research showed that internet intermediaries are heavily influenced by the legal and policy environments of states, but they do have leeway over many areas of policy and practice affecting online expression and privacy. The findings also highlighted the challenge where many state policies, laws
...
, and regulations are – to varying degrees - poorly aligned with the duty to promote and protect intermediaries’ respect for freedom of expression. It is a resource which enables the assessment of Internet intermediaries’ decisions on freedom of expression, by ensuring that any limitations are consistent with international standards. The research also recommends specific ways that intermediaries and states can improve respect for internet users’ right to freedom of expression. This is through promoting: adequate legal frameworks and policies consistent with international norms; multi-stakeholder policy development; transparency of governance; accountability in self-regulation; mechanisms for remedy; and public information and education." (UNESCO website)
more