"A collection of debate and report articles on community media and community communication, this book presents experiences, thoughts and forethoughts from Cyprus, Ghana, Kenya, Malaysia and Nigeria. In the first section of the book are found studies of the practice and impact of community media, esp
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ecially community radio, in Ghanaian and Kenyan communities. The second section presents thoughts on how community media might better serve communities, democracy and development. The third section of the book, that is the forethoughts, focuses on the foreseen or preferred structure, role, funding and management of community radio in Nigeria – a country that is yet to have community radio. In that rather oracular section, contributors look into the future quite counterfactually, imagining and painting the envisioned character of community radio when the Nigerian government finally permits its establishment. The studies and discussions in this book potentially advance the conversations on the role of community media in promoting democracy and development as they affirm, modify or confute some of the known assumptions on the subject." (https://imesoimeso.org)
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"This publication puts deep-rooted community ownership at the heart of sustainability and real impact of community radios. Jallov focuses on core processes to reach the most adequate realization of a station according to the specific needs and context of the community. Based on her rich hands-on-exp
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erience, she provides examples illustrating processes of preparation, establishment, and building of long-term sustainability and empowerment, as well as the provision of an enabling environment. Practical advice ranges from planning needs assessments and strategic plans to managing partnerships and practising community-based impact assessment. Written in a clear, straightforward way, 'Empowerment radio' does an excellent job in providing guidance both on conceptual and practical aspects of community radio broadcasting." (CAMECO Update 2-2012)
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"This report presents the main findings of three regional surveys on participation at local and community radio stations in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Pacific. The studies examined the involvement of the radio stations’ communities in programming, management, ownership and funding. Partic
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ipation of the community is an important feature of almost all stations participating in the survey. In all regions, involvement in programming is strongest. Results show that “traditional” forms of listener involvement, such as participation in talk shows or call-in programmes - which can also be found at public or commercial radio stations – are most frequent in local/community radios. Participation in management, ownership and funding are less common. Whereas the ranking of the various areas of participation is similar throughout the regions, differences exist in their importance: Latin American radios top participation in programming, but they are far below average in management and ownership. In Africa, the level of participation in financing and ownership is comparatively high. In Asia, participation in management plays a crucial role. The majority of the stations generate revenue through multiple sources. In Latin America, advertising is of primary importance, in Africa, sale of airtime and funding by foreign and local donors are relatively significant, while in Asia, governmental support plays a bigger role than in the other two continents. Lack of funds is seen as the most severe constraint for an increased participation of communities in all regions covered by the survey. An early involvement of the communities (in the planning and implementation phase) and their organisation in listeners' clubs are two factors that lead to stronger participation." (Abstract)
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"Ce rapport présente les principales conclusions de trois enquêtes régionales sur la participation dans certaines stations de radio locales et communautaires en Afrique, en Asie, en Amérique latine et en Océanie. Les enquêtes ont porté sur la participation des communautés dans la programmati
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on, la gestion, la propriété et le financement des radios. Les résultats ne sont en aucun cas représentatifs; ils fourniront cependant une base pour la poursuite de recherches plus approfondies et conduiront à une publication. La participation de la communauté est un élément important pour presque toutes les stations qui ont participé à l'enquête. Dans toutes les régions, la participation dans la programmation est la plus forte. Les résultats montrent que les formes «traditionnelles» de la participation des auditeurs, comme la participation à des talk-shows ou à des programmes interactifs – présentes également dans les radios publiques ou commerciales, sont très fréquentes dans les radios locales et/ou communautaires. La participation à la gestion, à la propriété et au financement est moins répandue. Bien que le classement des différents domaines de la participation soit semblable dans toutes les régions, il présente certaines différences dans leur importance : les radios d'Amérique latine montrent une participation particulièrement élevée dans la programmation, mais sont de loin inférieures à la moyenne au niveau de la gestion et la propriété. En Afrique, le niveau de participation dans le financement et la propriété est relativement élevé. En Asie la participation à la gestion joue un rôle important. La majorité des stations génèrent des revenus par des sources et des activités multiples et variées. En Amérique latine, la publicité est d'une importance primordiale; en Afrique, la vente de temps d’antenne ainsi que le financement par des donateurs étrangers et locaux sont deux facteurs relativement notables, tandis qu'en Asie, l'appui du gouvernement joue un rôle plus important que dans les deux autres continents. Le manque de fonds est considéré comme la contrainte la plus forte pour une participation accrue des communautés dans toutes les régions couvertes par l'enquête. Une implication précoce des communautés (dès les phases de planification et de mise en oeuvre) et leur organisation en clubs d’auditeurs sont deux facteurs qui conduisent à une plus forte participation." (Résumé)
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"Este informe presenta los principales resultados de tres sondeos regionales sobre la participación en las radios locales y comunitarias en África, América Latina, Asia y el Pacífico. Los sondeos investigaron la participación de las respectivas comunidades en la programación, la gestión, la p
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ropiedad y el financiamiento de las emisoras. La participación de la comunidad es un elemento importante en casi todas las radios participantes en este sondeo. En todos los continentes, la participación se da con mayor fuerza en el área de la programación. Los resultados muestran que las formas 'tradicionales' de participación de los oyentes, como los programas de entrevistas o la participación por teléfono – también muy de uso en la radio pública o comercial - son las más frecuentes en la radio local y comunitaria. La participación en la gestión, la propiedad y el financiamiento es menos común. Mientras la clasificación de las diferentes áreas de participación es similar a través de las regiones investigadas, se dan sin embargo ciertas diferencias de importancia: las emisoras latinoamericanas tienen mayor participación a nivel de la programación, pero están por debajo del promedio en las áreas de gestión y propiedad. En África el nivel de participación en el financiamiento y la propiedad es relativamente alto. En Asia la participación en la gestión juega un papel fundamental. La mayoría de las radios genera ingresos por una variedad de fuentes. En América Latina la publicidad es de primera importancia, en África la venta de espacios radiales y el financiamiento por donantes locales y extranjeros tienen un peso significativo, mientras que en Asia el financiamiento del estado juega un papel mayor que en los otros dos continentes. En todas las regiones que cubrió el sondeo, se percibe la falta de fondos como el limitante más severo para lograr una mayor participación de las comunidades. Un compromiso 'temprano' de las comunidades (ya en la fase de planificación y ejecución) y la existencia de clubes de oyentes son dos factores que conducen a una participación más intensa." (Resumen)
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"The Community Radio Support Centre (CRSC) at the Nepal Forum of Environmental Journalists (NEFEJ) assessed the performance of 15 community radios based on the Community Radio Performance Assessment System (CR-PAS) in 2012. The assessment was a first full-fledged test after a successful piloted the
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system in 2011. The radio stations were provided with organization development (OD) support to address to the findings of the pilot assessment. The OD support provided the stations with advice and mentoring on improving their structures, systems and processes to meet the requirement of community radios [...] None of the 15 stations scored enough to be included in ‘model community radio’ category, three qualified as ‘performing’, four as progressing, two as evolving, and six as ‘endeavoring’. If the previous assessment is taken as the baseline then the overall performance of the stations increased - from 44 to 48 - in six months and after the OD input. There has been an upward movement of the stations in terms of categories, as shown by reduction of number of stations in the endeavoring category and increase in the performing category. This suggests that frequent assessments such as this can encourage the stations to improve performance." (Executive summary)
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"Community radio is considered as an intervention strategy of choice for deepening participation and community ownership. Donors have funded a proliferation of community radio projects in the Global South, prompted by stories attesting to the power of radio as a tool for social change. The evidence
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suggests that beyond empowering communities, community radio can catalyse behaviour change and impact positively on wider development outcomes. In practice, the record has been mixed, with sustainability a critical challenge. A recent evaluation found that radio stations created through top-down initiatives tend not to survive when external funding dries up. Where such stations do survive, their purpose often becomes different from what was originally intended. Only in a handful of cases have previously aid-dependent radio stations become sustainable. Informed by insights from practitioners, and evaluation reports and scholarly literature, this article draws some emerging lessons." (Abstract)
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"The community radio stations participating in the pilot project offer special dedication and greeting programs that allow community members to send greetings to friends and family on air. The main objective of this pilot was to understand whether these generally underfunded radio stations could mon
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etize these greetings systems through a mobile money technology that would be developed with another implementing partner, MobiKash, a mobile wallet service provider based in Nairobi." (Executive summary)
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"This article is a political economy critique that contributes to current scholarship on community radio and development by examining the question of the management of six networks from Mali, Mozambique and Uganda. This discussion argues that understanding the models and functions of management comm
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ittees will go a long way towards contributing to conversations on how community radios could achieve social, institutional, financial and ideological sustainability. The article also examines how management committees approach their work in the age of new Information Communication Technologies (especially mobile phones, computers and the Internet), and whether there is a gender digital divide within such committees. At the centre of the current discussion, therefore, is an attempt to understand the flow and contestation of power within community radio management committees." (Abstract)
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"L’objectif de cet article est d’essayer de définir les contours d’expérimentations de financement des médias de proximité par les circuits de finance locale notamment dans les milieux ruraux et enclavés. Les médias de proximité et les établissements de microfinance ont considérés ic
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i comme des catalyseurs du développement local. Cependant, la faiblesse de leur modèle économique et leur appartenance plus ou moins forte au secteur informel font des médias communautaires de petits acteurs économiques comme les autres qui doivent être inclus dans le système financier pour pouvoir tirer profit des opportunités notamment offertes par le développement des nouvelles technologies. Ils peuvent constituer une cible importante pour les institutions de microfinance. Après avoir mise en lumière les contraintes de financement des médias de proximité notamment en milieu rural et enclavé, les complémentarités entre médias communautaires de service public et établissements de microfinance seront définies afin de pouvoir élaborer des solutions de schéma de microfinance liés ou non à des coopérations entre médias de proximité et institutions de microfinance, notamment par la mise en route de tontines institutionnalisées de radios communautaires. Les solutions envisagées dans cette article mêlent crédit et épargne : prêts liés au développement de services en commun (média de proximité et établissement de microfinance, ou encore régie publicitaire commune pour un réseau de radios communautaires), crédit court terme liés à la capacité d’épargne du média de proximité, prélèvement sur intérêts versés sur les encours d’épargne de clients, tontine de financement des radios de proximité réunies en réseau." (Résumé)
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"This is a collection of case studies of good practice in community media, mainly from developing countries, and focusing especially on radio. The first section addresses the enabling environment for community media, with ten country case studies of good practice in media policies, regulations, fund
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ing and support structures. The second section presents ten case studies on community media sustainability, understood as its longevity, consistency as social enterprises, and rootedness in the communities they serve. The third section looks at social impact of community media, describing ten experiences of community media contributing to improvements in livelihoods, social change, citizen participation and other benefits. The case studies provide key characteristics, a summary, references and links. As they are very short (two pages each), the main function of this publication may lie in providing a first glance of the broad variety of community media approaches and practices." (CAMECO Update 1-2012)
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"The study found that, in their struggle to generate the income for day-to-day running costs, stations become detached from their communities, and end up competing - usually unsuccessfully - with better-resourced commercial broadcasters. The solution, the study suggests, is to invest in strengthenin
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g community participation, rather than diluting this vital ingredient in a bid to save money, as has tended to be the case, particularly when donor funding dries up." (fesmedia website)
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"This document reports on the pilot assessment of 15 community radio stations – or of radios that claim to be community radios – based on the Community Radio Performance Assessment System (CR-PAS) developed by the Community Radio Support Centre (CRSC) / Nepal Forum of Environmental Journalists (
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NEFEJ). The CR-PAS seeks to assess community radio stations in seven performance areas: participation and ownership, governance, programs, resource structure and management, station management, financial management and networking. It uses a set of 60 indicators and is intended to be a practical tool that the stations could eventually adopt for continuous self-assessment. Following a brief overview of radio in Nepal, this report provides an overview of the CR-PAS and the assessment process. Thereafter, it reports on the findings and analysis both of all the radios that were assessed and also of individual stations, leading to conclusions and recommendations." (Executive summary)
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"AMIC undertook a research project to assess the economic viability of the Tambuli model in the Philippines after 15 years of its introduction. This book documents the opinions and the perspectives of many stakeholders in the community radio sector. It reflects both the success stories and barriers
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facing the community radio in the Philippines." (Synopsis AMIC website)
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"This research project was undertaken with the purpose of exploring the ways in which government mandated programme production schemes may contribute to the capacities and sustainability of the community radio sector. The study involved a critical policy analysis of the Irish Sound and Vision Scheme
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as well as an international comparative analysis of funding schemes as organised in five other jurisdictions [...] The five jurisdictions that were selected for comparison were Austria, Canada, Denmark, France and New Zealand. The choice of schemes was shaped by the ‘method of agreement’ principle, which allows for the selection of varied national contexts (political culture and longevity of scheme, etc.) combined with the relative comparative nature of the policy under consideration. It is important to note the structural differences between the funding schemes. In Denmark, France and Canada the schemes were initiated as dedicated community media/radio production funds and legislation and policy evolved accordingly. In Austria the scheme was legislated for and developed as a dedicated community broadcasting production fund alongside a dedicated fund for the commercial broadcasting sector. In New Zealand the scheme was legislated for as a generic ‘local content’ production fund (open to community, commercial and public television and radio broadcasters) and adapted to enable a dedicated funding policy for access/community radio production within the wider scheme. In Ireland the scheme originated from legislation for a ‘national content’ production fund, open to broadcasters (community, commercial and public) and independent producers. The scheme is ‘generic’ and open to all of these sectors and is thus not a dedicated community media scheme, nor does it contain a separate scheme for community media production funding." (Executive summary, pages v-vi)
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"The Department of Communications (“DoC”) Community Radio Support Programme (“CRSP”) was initiated in 1998 and includes a range of categories of support: Infrastructure rollout to provide technical equipment to stations; Signal distribution and upgrade; Programme production support on specif
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ic areas capacity building and training; and Satellite network infrastructure support. The CRSP project has played an important role in assisting in the growth and sustainability of the community radio sector since its inception. It has helped stations to get on air by installing studios in stations and increased their sustainability through subsidising signal distribution costs, giving support for programming and providing training (both workshops organised by the DoC and through support for the National Electronic Media Institute of South Africa (“Nemisa”). The CRSP was launched before the establishment of other public entities focused on supporting the sector such as the Universal Service and Access Agency of South Africa (“USAASA”), and the Media Development and Diversity Agency (“MDDA”), and therefore filled an important gap in assisting communities to exercise their rights to own their own media." (Executive summary, page 7)
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"Radio Santa Clara, una emisora católica de Costa Rica, aprovechó la oportunidad de su 25 aniversario para realizar una amplia revisión de su evolución como proyecto comprometido con la población de San Carlos, en la región norte del país. Con el apoyo de ALER, la Asociación Latinoamericana
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de Educación Radiofónica, y Humberto Vandenbulcke como editor, Radio Santa Clara puso a disposición de un público más amplio la sistematización de sus experiencias, titulada «En la punta de la ola», que también proporcionó una valiosa aportación a otras emisoras de radio, tanto dentro como fuera de América Latina. Tras una breve introducción del proceso, la publicación presenta las experiencias de Radio Santa Clara en relación con la creación de su institución, la sostenibilidad social, el papel político de la emisora en la región, su impacto y su concepto de sostenibilidad financiera." (CAMECO Update 2-2010)
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"El texto propone un marco teórico sobre comunicación y participación, sintetiza los aspectos fundamentales de las emisoras comunitarias para detenerse en los principios y criterios que deben ser tenidos en cuenta para una gestión adecuada y para el logro de su sustentabilidad como empresas soci
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ales que garanticen a las comunidades el derecho a la comunicación. El segundo capítulo se introduce en la Gestión integral de las emisoras comunitarias. En la tercera parte se ofrece una metodología para implementar en las emisoras comunitarias el modelo de gestión integral reconocido y recomendado por diferentes sectores empresariales. El manual propone una perspectiva sobre la gestión de las radios comunitarias, herramientas concretas de organización, de diagnóstico y evaluación, propuestas prácticas, consejos y recomendaciones de organizaciones que han implementado procesos de gestión para que las radios comunitarias sean empresas sociales sustentables." (commbox)
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