"Con este informe, se pretende arrojar algo de luz sobre un fenómeno especialmente complejo y todavía difícil de delimitar, en parte por la falta de una definición única y por la ausencia de datos que revelen su prevalencia real, pero también en parte por la normalización de determinadas cond
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uctas que contribuyen a ocultar su gravedad. Para ello, se ha preguntado a profesionales y personas expertas en la materia, provenientes de diversos ámbitos: jurídico, ciberseguridad y delitos informáticos, psicología, criminología, academia e investigación, y del ámbito de la protección y los derechos de la infancia. Además, se quiere conocer qué riesgos asociados a la explotación sexual digital identifica, asume y naturaliza la adolescencia en el entorno digital. Para ello, se ha realizado una encuesta a 1.008 jóvenes de entre 18 y 21 años, en la que se les ha preguntado por sus percepciones y conductas online durante la adolescencia, con especial foco en los conocimientos, creencias y experiencias relacionadas con la explotación sexual en línea. También se organizaron dos talleres presenciales con adolescentes de entre 15 y 18 años, para profundizar en las preocupaciones y riesgos que identifican en su uso de Internet, así como en cómo perciben y distribuyen la responsabilidad frente a la exposición a estos riesgos.
A partir de este análisis, se busca formular recomendaciones que fortalezcan la protección de niños, niñas y adolescentes frente a esta forma de violencia, también a través de los procesos legislativos actualmente en marcha, para que puedan ejercer de forma segura todos sus derechos en el entorno digital. Y se hace desde un enfoque de infancia, entendiendo que la tecnología y el mundo digital forman parte de la esfera en la que los niños, niñas y adolescentes se desarrollan, y que lo tecnológico está intrínsecamente ligado a su socialización, y también a cómo descubren y exploran su sexualidad, lo que implica riesgos específicos. Pero entendiendo también que estos riesgos no se originan en el vacío, sino que el ecosistema digital proporciona el caldo de cultivo que facilita y condiciona estas dinámicas." (Introducción, páginas 5-6)
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"De hecho, según los últimos datos del Ministerio del Interior3 en 2022 se presentaron 954 denuncias por delitos sexuales cibernéticos4 que tenían como víctima a un niño, niña o adolescente, de las cuales 64,6% eran chicas. Las denuncias que tienen como víctima a la infancia y adolescencia r
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epresentan el 84% del total de este tipo de delitos. Así, como veíamos en nuestro informe “Violencia viral” tener entre 10 y 17 años y ser niña o chica adolescente aumenta la vulnerabilidad ante los delitos cibernéticos. Por ello, hemos querido reflejar también el abuso sexual infantil en internet, conocido como online grooming. Por todo ello, hemos analizado 33 sentencias5 correspondientes a 61 casos que corresponden a online grooming y hemos visto algunas diferencias respecto al abuso sexual infantil "físico." (Introducción)
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"This Global Guide provides guidance on how to strengthen legislative frameworks to protect children from online child sexual exploitation and abuse. It is intended for use by governments, country offices of international organizations, civil society and business organizations to advocate for and de
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velop legislation to protect children from online child sexual exploitation and abuse in line with international child rights standards. This Global Guide is based on the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (OPSC), as well as other international and regional conventions, general comments and guidelines of treaty bodies, model laws and good practices concerning the protection of children from online child sexual exploitation and abuse." (Introdction, page 10)
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"Entre todos los tipos de problemas a los que se enfrentaron los trabajadores de protección de la niñez y adolescencia, el 18% de sus casos totales indicaron alguna forma de abuso y explotación sexual de niñas, niños y adolescentes en línea. Esto significa que uno de cada cinco niñas, niños
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y adolescentes que recibía asistencia tenía este problema. Se debe tener en cuenta que se trata de una muestra de conveniencia, por consiguiente, las organizaciones que apoyan las problemáticas que se generan del abuso de niñas, niños y adolescentes, fueron seleccionadas para participar en la encuesta. No obstante, se tiene un fuerte indicio de la magnitud de la preocupación que tienen los trabajadores de primera línea [...] Se identificó que las niñas o adolescentes son sometidas más frecuentemente al abuso y la explotación sexual en línea, ya que alrededor del 54% de los trabajadores dijeron que las formas de abuso y explotación sexual de niñas, niños y adolescentes en línea surgían en “más de la mitad” de sus casos con niñas o mujeres jóvenes." (Principales hallazgos, página 9)
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"The key messages that can be drawn from the evidence gathered as part of this review may be summarized as follows: resources should be confidently and generously committed to child and youth safety education programmes that have content that addresses online VAC and related topics; priority should
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be given to building content about online VAC into existing evidence-based educational programmes, particularly about bullying, because of their well-developed content and design; programmes need to have multiple sessions and multiple modalities and should emphasize acquiring and practicing skills, particularly in the areas of problem solving, assertiveness, empathy, emotion management, self-efficacy, conflict resolution, help-seeking and bystander mobilization; more programme content and messaging is needed to prevent abuse by acquaintances, peers and romantic partners, including content about healthy romantic relationships and how to avoid and terminate unhealthy ones." (Conclusion)
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"In dieser Open-Access-Publikation stellen Katharina Kärgel und Frederic Vobbe anhand sieben typischer Fallbeispiele Handlungsempfehlungen für einen adäquaten Umgang mit mediatisierter sexualisierter Gewalt dar. Die Empfehlungen sind das Ergebnis des vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschu
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ng geförderten Projekts „HUMAN“. Sie wurden empirisch unter Beteiligung von Betroffenen sowie Expert*innen der Bereiche Recht, Psychologie, Pädagogik und Soziale Arbeit entwickelt. Sie umfassen jeweils Fallreflexionen sowie konkrete Handlungsansätze. Digitale Medien sind Instrument und Kontext sexualisierter Gewalt gegen Kinder und Jugendliche. Sie müssen bei Übergriffen durch zuvor fremde wie nahestehende Personen stets mitbedacht werden. Ihr Einsatz verstetigt die Belastungen Betroffener und führt zu einer hohen Komplexität von Interventionen." (Verlagsbeschreibung)
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"Across the types of issues that child protection workers were facing, forms of child sexual exploitation and abuse with an online element were indicated in 18% of their total caseloads. This means that one in five children they were supporting had related concerns. It is noted this was a convenienc
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e sample, and organisations supporting issues related to child abuse were targeted for participation in the survey, yet this is still a strong indication of the extent of this concern at the frontline. Under-reporting of child sexual exploitation and abuse, as well as the under-identification of the role of technology and the Internet in cases, may also be an issue. Girls were more frequently identified as being subjected to sexual exploitation and abuse online, with about 54% of workers saying that online forms of child sexual exploitation and abuse were emerging in ‘more than half’ of their cases with girls." (Key findings, page 9)
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"This collection investigates and critiques the dynamism of children's lives online with contributions fielding both global and hyper-local issues, and bridging the wide spectrum of connected media created for and by children. From education to children's rights to cyberbullying and youth in challen
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ging circumstances, the interdisciplinary approach ensures a careful, nuanced, multi-dimensional exploration of children's relationships with digital media. Featuring a highly international range of case studies, perspectives, and socio-cultural contexts, The Routledge Companion to Digital Media and Children is the perfect reference tool for students and researchers of media and communication, family and technology studies, psychology, education, anthropology, and sociology, as well as interested teachers, policy makers, and parents." (Publisher description)
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"The internet brought new opportunities for Pakistan to develop into a progressive society and a more democratic country, and it opened doors for more forms of criminal activity (like fraud, child pornography, etc.), more intimidation and the spreading extremism, and more information gathering on ci
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tizens by business and state agents. It will be highly important to Pakistan to more actively and more successfully develop the positive sides of IT technology, internet services, and the social media, while at the same time check its excesses, problems and abuses. FES Pakistan is delighted to present the report “Internet Landscape 2020” It is providing an excellent overview of internet usage, and on its dangers and opportunities. We hope, the report will facilitate a broad discussion about the use and further development of the internet in Pakistan, to fully tun it into another means for Pakistan to utilize its full potential and develop into a more progressive, citizen-oriented country." (Preface, page 4)
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"The review found that while there is a growing global body of evidence around effective education programming to prevent child sexual exploitation and abuse (CSEA), much of the available evidence is from high income countries (HICs) and largely focuses on programmes which address offline rather tha
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n online abuse. The evidence that does exist on prevention of online CSEA is also from HICs, is of low quality overall and tends to focus on whether the intervention enhanced knowledge rather than changed behaviour. Further, as Internet use amongst children varies between high income and low income countries, it is important to be cautious in applying lessons learned across different contexts. Although online and offline CSEA are closely linked, it was also found that there is often an artificial division, with programmes tending to look at only online or only offline CSEA. Therefore, there is limited evidence of how programmes impact on both online and offline CSEA. In the East Asia and Pacific region, the evidence base on what works to tackle CSEA in education programming is at an early stage in scope and scale. Few comprehensive assessments or evaluations of education programmes tackling CSEA have taken place and/or are publicly available. It is also unclear whether majority of existing interventions are being evaluated and whether they were designed using evidence-informed theories of change methodology. Despite the constraints faced, this review draws on promising global and regional practice, emerging lessons and findings from available data on online risks, to highlight key factors to consider in the development of effective educational materials in East Asia and the Pacific." (Executive summary)
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"As the boundaries between the physical and digital worlds continue to blur, particularly for children growing up in the digital age, online child sexual exploitation (OCSE) will continue to evolve and new forms emerge. Encouragingly, work is underway at national and international levels to prevent
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and respond to this global threat, but innovative and substantial actions are needed to keep up with this evolving problem. Legal frameworks must improve and approximate global consistency and regulation must make tech companies and Internet Service Providers accountable for action. Law enforcement must collaborate across jurisdictions, adopt sophisticated techniques and be properly equipped and funded. There is an urgent need to further boost and sustain collective action against OCSE at this moment in time. ECPAT International has identified in this paper five areas where progress can and must be made. Again, as this problem is not confined by borders, strategic partnerships with the involvement of an increasing number of global actors will be instrumental in making this happen. As a society, we have a duty and a responsibility to stop the demand underpinning OCSE and ensure the rights of children online and offline are fulfilled." (Conclusion, page 23)
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"This report aims to increase the prioritization of child online safety among all the key stakeholders and decision-makers from governments, the private sector, civil society, NGOs, and academia. Its recommendations are actionable and represent a call to collective action. They are based on the know
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ledge and expertise of major expert groups that have a long-standing commitment and experience in fighting various forms of violence against children online." (Forward, page 7)
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"The aim of this document is mapping and assessing the existing support services for children who have suffered a form of violence in the digital environment, including the best national and international practices and models, in order to provide recommendations for future actions of institutions an
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d professionals in the Republic of Serbia. Mapping organisations and institutions that aim at providing support to children victims was done in order to make a comprehensive overview of protection for children victims of digital violence from victim identification, victim support and epowerment technique and the process of integration and reintegration into the society. The mapping focused on best practices in protection of victims of various forms of violence against children in digital environment." (Page 9)
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"Across three studies, younger victims are associated with greater levels of sexual violence, produced within a family context and more likely to be widely distributed. However, the preponderance of images are of pubescent and pre-pubescent children and the numbers of images of very young children (
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infants and toddlers) remain relatively low. This is in contrast to the views of experts interviewed in the current study. The majority of victims and offenders are white Caucasians, and while there has been an increase in other ethnic groups, these numbers remain disproportionately small. This does require further investigation given the increasing availability of Internet connectivity through hand-held devices across hand-held devices and the concerns expressed about, for example, live streaming of abuse." (Executive summary, page 5)
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"This report surfaces what the Technical Working Group identified as the chief barriers to an optimal global response to online child sexual abuse material (CSAM) within three sectors: law enforcement, industry and government. The barriers identified are explained in detail in the report, and specif
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ic recommendations made for each sector. Recommendations are also provided for joint action. Two overarching themes have also emerged. First, the need for greater standardisation of process, practice and policies; second, the need for greater collaboration, coordination and inter-operability across stakeholders and functions, nations and jurisdictions." (Executive summary)
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"This booklet contains three series of factsheets related to online child sexual exploitation providing easy, ready-to-use resources to anyone interested in getting a better grasp of this issue. The first series is comprised of factsheets describing different manifestations of online child sexual ex
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ploitation. The second series covers the five relevant regional and/or international legal frameworks containing provisions regarding one or more of the manifestations of online child sexual exploitation. Finally, the third series consists of Internet and Technology factsheets describing terms and tools which are relevant to understand the Internet and how different technologies are (potentially) used by child sex offenders or those trying to obstruct the perpetrators." (Foreword)
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