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Independent Online Journalists' Harassment and the Emotional Repercussions
"Communication the world over is a vital cog in communities. The sender and the receiver play different and complementary roles in information dissemination. Be that as it may, many contemporary information senders are faced with different forms of harassment. The advent of social media has seen a r
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Harassment and Threats Faced by Journalists in Kenya: Implications for Press Freedom and Independent Reporting
"The freedom of the press is a cornerstone of democracy and a critical component of a functioning society. In Kenya, like many other countries, journalists face a myriad of challenges when reporting on sensitive issues, including corruption and government wrongdoing. These challenges include physica
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“There Were No Repercussions, Nothing, Life Continued”: Experiences of Harassment by Female Journalists
"The chapter explores the challenges associated with harassment for entry-level to mid-career journalists across South Africa’s hybrid media platforms. The study employed a qualitative methodology consisting of semi-structured interviews with 12 entry-level and mid-career journalists with industry
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Taking to the streets: The effects of in-the-field harassment against journalists covering protests
Journalism, volume 25, issue 2 (2024), pp. 275-294
"Since 2017, 518 journalists have been attacked while covering protests (U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, 2021) which is one of the most dangerous places to be as a journalist in the United States (Sterne & Peters, 2017). Despite the volatile climate around journalists as they cover increasingly dangerou
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A Snapshot of Violence and Criminalization against Journalists in Indonesia: Enhancing the Safety of Journalists
Indonesian Journal for Criminal Law Studies, volume 9, issue 1 (2024), pp. 71-98
"The global importance of the press and freedom of speech in promoting democracy, good governance, and human development is widely recognized. Unfortunately, despite being crucial for the advancement of democracy, violence against journalists in Indonesia and other countries continues to increase. I
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“You Feel Like You Don’t Have the Freedom to Do Your Work”: Exploring Fijian Women Journalists’ Experiences of Sexual Harassment
Journalism Practice, volume 19, issue 11 (2024), pp. 2596-2615
"The topic of violence against women in journalism has received growing attention in scholarship, especially in terms of digital forms of harassment. At the same time, many women journalists continue to experience direct forms of harassment in the pursuit of their work. Focusing on the Pacific Islan
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Safety of Journalists in the Run-Up to the 2023 Elections in Zimbabwe
"In March 2023, a Zimbabwean government official caused a storm after threatening journalists with arrests for reporting on an Al Jazeera documentary that exposed alleged money laundering, gold smuggling and other criminal activities in the country. Journalists and media groups interpreted these utt
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Coping into Self-Censorship: Exploring Coping Strategies of Journalists Working in South Sudan
"Local journalists in South Sudan have faced enormous threats from security groups, politicians and powerful individuals in the country. These threats have made the work of the press difficult. Despite the precarious security situation, some journalists have had the courage to continue working in So
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Online Harassment, Psychological Stressors, and Occupational Dysfunction among Journalists Working in a Conflict Zone
Digital Journalism, volume 12, issue 6 (2024), pp. 735-752
"Amid increasing threats and assaults against journalists across the globe, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province in northwest Pakistan remains one of the most dangerous places in the world for journalists. Whereas online harassment is increasingly affecting journalists, experiences of online harassment
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The Cost of Dissent in a Governance System Characterized by ‘Political Marketplace': A Phenomenological Study of Independent Journalists in Ethiopia
"The chapter examines the cost of dissent in a governance system that is structured by ‘political marketplace.’ Informed by Alex de Waal ‘political marketplace’ conceptual framework and employing a phenomenological approach, the chapter chronicles the lived experiences of nine independent jo
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Being a Woman-Journalist in a Polarized Context in Mozambique
"This chapter addresses the issue of harassment in the media space in Mozambique. In fact, the issue of harassment of women in the media is a complex and multifaceted problem that can manifest in many ways. One aspect of this issue is the representation of women in media. Women are often objectified
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Coping with Hate: Exploring Indian Journalists’ Responses to Online Harassment
Journalism Practice, volume 18, issue 2 (2024), pp. 337-355
"In India, the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) employs a digital army of right-wing supporters to harass journalists who are critical of the party's Hindu-nationalist ideology. As a result, the country's press freedom rankings have significantly declined over the past decade. While scholars have
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Patterns of Harassment in African Journalism
New York: Routledge (2024), xvii, 251 pp.
"Drawing from case studies from selected African countries, an international team of authors offer a broad insight into the state of harassment across the continent, while building new theoretical perspectives that are also context-specific. The chapters bring previous theories and research up to da
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Outsourcing Repression: Impunity and Harassment of Journalists in Malawi
"The media sector expanded after the multiparty system’s reintroduction in the 1990s in Malawi. The growth has been enabled by a legal environment in which the Constitution guarantees freedom of expression and the press. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land, meaning that all the laws th
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Time to Act: Measures of Curbing Harassment of Journalists in African Newsrooms
"This chapter discusses the safety measures that newsrooms should adopt to help fight various forms of harassment. The chapter comes against the background of previous studies having found that newsrooms are ill-prepared to address different forms of harassment. As a result, journalists are left wit
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Media freedom and journalist safety in the UK Online Safety Act
Journal of Media Law, volume 15, issue 2 (2024), pp. 179-212
"In the digital era, journalists are targeted with online abuse including serious threats of violence. These censorship tactics are a direct threat to media freedom. Although the UK Government intended to tackle online abuse of journalists in the Online Safety Act 2023, provisions fit for that purpo
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An Intersectional Analysis of Aotearoa New Zealand Journalists’ Online and Offline Experiences of Abuse, Threats and Violence
Journalism Studies, volume 25, issue 2 (2024), pp. 160-180
"Criticism towards journalists has increased significantly since the internet created easy and anonymous communication and has turned more abusive and threatening in recent years, becoming a regular feature of journalists’ work environment, particularly for women. This article presents survey data
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Same threats, different platforms? Female journalists’ experiences of online gender-based violence in selected newsrooms in Namibia
Journalism, volume 25, issue 4 (2024), pp. 779-799
"Concerns about the disproportionate levels of online gender-based abuse experienced by female journalists when compared to their male counterparts have attracted sizeable scholarly attention in the last few years. Extant studies have highlighted that female journalists experience online forms of ha
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Comparing Risks to Journalism: Media Criticism in the Digital Hate
Digital Journalism, volume 12, issue 3 (2024), pp. 294-313
"This study examines digital media criticism—publicly shared evaluations and judgements of journalistic text and actors on various digital platforms—as a risk to journalism. It specifically interrogates how journalists negotiate the diverse nature of criticism in digital spaces and in a comparat
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Media Freedom and Safety of Journalists in South Asian Countries: An Overview
"In the digital world, every profession has seen a massive transformation in terms of working mechanisms, approaches to the problem, dealing with prospects, moving forward to conceptualising the solution and so on. Likewise, the media field has also seen a massive transformation. The working pattern
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