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Venezuela’s 21st Century Authoritarianism in the Digital Sphere

Iria Puyosa

Tokyo: Toda Peace Institute (2019), 14 pp.

"This policy brief summarises extensive information on digital rights violations and politically motivated information disorders affecting Venezuelans, principally social media users. The brief focuses on the conflict dynamic between an authoritarian government and those fighting for re-democratisat ... more

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Forbidden Feeds: Government Controls on Social Media in China

PEN America (2018), 90 pp.

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Mapping Digital Rights and Online Freedom of Expression in East, West and Southern Africa

Media Legal Defence Initiative (MLDI) (2018), 100 pp.

"This report maps the current landscape in respect of digital rights and online freedom of expression in East, West and Southern Africa. It looks at the trends regarding law and policy developments, as well as recent litigation, within these regions. The report focuses on 18 countries – 6 per regi ... more

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Legal Standards on Freedom of Expression: Toolkit for the Judiciary in Africa

Avani Singh

Paris: UNESCO (2018), 218 pp.

"The toolkit encompasses a broad variety of issues, which should be considered by judicial actors in the course of their work to protect human rights. It covers legal standards of freedom of expression according to international and regional instruments and core texts and surveys pertinent jurisprud ... more

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Direito à comunicação e internet: O empoderamento digital como garantia deste direito no ambiente online

São Paulo: Intervozes (2018), 12 pp.

"Se, num primeiro momento parecia suficiente a oferta do acesso à Internet, hoje sabe-se que o direito à comunicação não será exercido de maneira plena na rede se esta não se mantiver um ambiente diverso e que respeite direitos fundamentais como a liberdade de expressão e a privacidade dos u ... more

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Marco civil da Internet: Violações ao direito de acesso universal previsto na lei

São Paulo: Intervozes (2018), 53 pp.

"Como recomendações à reversão do atual processo em curso e para o respeito à legislação para a Internet em vigor no Brasil, sobretudo o Marco Civil da Internet, propomos: A inclusão do modelo de regime público para a prestação do serviço de conexão à Internet, especialmente na presta� ... more

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EU Guidelines on Freedom of Expression Online and Offline

European Union (2018), 29 pp.

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Advocating for Openness: Nine Ways Civil Society Groups Have Mobilized to Defend Internet Freedom

Sarah Oh

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2017)

"Civil society groups from the Global South are leading the charge to advocate for an Internet that remains open, pluralistic, and democratic. The nine case studies highlighted in this report demonstrate various ways groups in different countries have successfully fought for policies and norms that ... more

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Estándares internacionales de libertad de expresión: Guía básica para operadores de justicia en América Latina
Key Guidance

Silvia Chocarro

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2017), 39 pp.

"[...] es una herramienta indispensable para operadores de justicia que tratan casos sobre la libertad de expresión. La guía, producida conjuntamente por la UNESCO y la oficina del Relator Especial para Libertad de Expresión (RELE) y escrita por Silvia Chocarro, es un mapa esencial de los estánd ... more

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Case Study on ICT and Human Rights (Policies of EU)

Rikke Frank Jørgensen, Anja Møller Pedersen, Wolfgang Benedek, Reinmar Nindler

European Commission (2017), x, 95 pp.

"The first part of the study focuses on the EU’s internal policies in the field of online content regulation. Drawing on case-studies of three EU directives – Directive 2000/31/EC on e-commerce, Directive 2011/93/EU on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child porn ... ography and Directive 2004/48/EC on intellectual property rights enforcement – the study seeks to illustrate how dealing with alleged illegal content through blocking, filtering and take-down of content within co- and self-regulatory frameworks shaped around ‘Internet intermediaries’ challenge freedom of expression and information. The directives presuppose, accept or encourage self-regulation and, combined with schemes of limited liability, subject the intermediaries to an increasing pressure to implement public policy in the online domain. However, these practices and their limitations to freedom of expression are rarely framed as human rights issues, nor do they have the required safeguards. Based on analysis of the EU directives, the study explores the weaknesses – seen from a human rights perspective – of the European approach towards tackling illegal content on the Internet. The study provides a number of suggestions to ensure that the EU addresses the human rights implications of co- and self-regulation, including the strengthening of safeguards and guidance for Member States and intermediaries to implement the said EU policy. Also, the study calls for a comprehensive EU freedom of expression and information framework, covering both its internal and external policy. In line with this, the EU should consider the freedom of expression and information implications of current and new policies when reviewing them according to the Digital Single Market Strategy. The second part addresses the external policies of the EU with a focus on the protection and support of Human Rights Defenders using digital means (‘Digital Defenders’). For this purpose, EU policies and instruments of relevance for Digital Defenders are analysed, including the implementation of the Internet Freedom Strategy and the No Disconnect Strategy. The programmes under the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights are reviewed with respect to their relevance for human rights activities online, taking into account the recent EU Guidelines on Freedom of Expression Online and Offline. This part of the study also explores the related issues of the safety of journalists (which are often citizen journalists), export control of surveillance technology by the EU Member States and the cooperation with other international organisations active in the field of online rights. Proposals are offered on how to improve the general environment for Digital Defenders and their right to freedom of expression and information, and how to improve the coherence of EU action in this field. The newly created Human Rights Defenders Mechanism can play a pivotal role in this regard, as could updated EU Guidelines on human rights defenders." (Executive summary) more

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Unshackling Expression: A Study on Laws Criminalising Expression Online in Asia

Association for Progressive Communications (APC) (2017), 141 pp.

"In this special edition of GISWatch, Unshackling Expression, APC brings together analysis on the criminalisation of online expression from six Asian states: Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan and Thailand. While the report mostly focuses on criminalisation, curbs placed on expression usin ... more

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Media Freedom on the Internet: An OSCE Guidebook

Yaman Akdeniz

Vienna: OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media (2016), 110 pp.

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Using the Universal Periodic Review for Human Rights Online

Sheetal Kumar, Deborah Brown

London: Global Partners Digital (2016), 31 pp.

"The guide is designed to help human rights defenders working on human rights online navigate the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) process, with resources and case studies of real life advocacy to help inform and structure engagement. It also provides examples of how the UPR has been used for human r ... more

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Online Media Overview: Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, Tunisia

Laurent Giacobino

Paris: CFI Coopération Médias (2015), 27 pp.

"This document is an abridged version of a wide-ranging survey conducted between July 2014 and January 2015, which attempts to provide an overall view of the complex, ever-changing and fluid landscape of the online media in the Arab world. It is based on over 45 in-depth interviews, 130 applications ... more

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The African Declaration on Internet Rights and Freedoms: A Positive Agenda for Human Rights Online

Tom Orrell

London: Global Partners Digital (2015), 20 pp.

"The African Declaration on Internet Rights and Freedoms was drafted by African civil society organisations to guide the creation of a positive, rights-based and democratically governed Internet policy environment in Africa. The initiative is part of a rich heritage of freedom of expression advocacy ... more

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Panorama des médias en ligne: Algérie, Égypte, Jordanie, Liban, Maroc, Palestine, Syrie, Tunisie

Laurent Giacobino

Paris: CFI Coopération Médias (2015), 78 pp.

"La présente étude, menée entre juillet 2014 et janvier 2015, est basée sur plus de 45 entretiens approfondis, sur 130 candidatures reçues par CFI dans le cadre de sa compétition EBTICAR-Média1, soutenue par l’U.E., ainsi que sur l’analyse de nombreux rapports, articles et essais. Cette � ... more

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Study of Internet Connected Cambodians: Perceptions of Online Freedom of Expression and Political Engagement

Amanda King, Jayson W. Richardson, John B. Nash

Cambodian Center for Independent Media (CCIM) (2015), 34 pp.

"Data for this report were gathered through an electronic survey of 895 Cambodian Internet users conducted from March 12 to 18, 2015, as well as through three follow-up focus group discussions [...] Cambodians find the Internet to be useful for personal, professional and civic interests, with the ma ... more

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The Tor Dark Net

Gareth Owen, Nick Savage

London: Centre for International Governance Innovation;Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs (2015), 9 pp.

"This paper does suggest that child abuse content is the most popular type of content on the Tor Dark Net. While law enforcement may crawl such sites, the number of requests that would be seen would be only a tiny fraction, and hence not skew the outline ratios. Similarly, denial of service attacks ... more

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Stifling the Public Sphere: Media and Civil Society in Egypt

Sherif Mansour

Washington, DC: National Endowment for Democracy (NED);International Forum for Democratic Studies (2015), 16 pp.

"Egypt’s plummeting press freedom is in part a result of the many ways in which the state can put pressure on independent media under Egyptian law. While the January 2014 constitution contains clear protections for the media (including, under Article 71, bans on censorship and surveillance), many ... more

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Stifling the Public Sphere: Media and Civil Society in Russia

Maria Snegovaya

Washington, DC: National Endowment for Democracy (NED);International Forum for Democratic Studies (2015), 12 pp.

Estándares internacionales de libertad de expresión: Guía básica para operadores de justicia en América Latina Key Guidance

Estándares internacionales de libertad de expresión: Guía básica para operadores de justicia en América Latina
Key Guidance