"In 1995, the international community enacted the “Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action,” a watershed UN resolution affirming the global commitment to gender equality. Yet, nearly three decades later, gender inequality remains an intractable problem in the media sector. Women journalists
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are outnumbered by their male counterparts, and few women break through the glass ceiling to management positions. Pay inequality and harassment of women journalists is pervasive around the world. And, advertisers, funders, and policymakers seldom analyze the media enabling environment in the context of gender equality, which limits the development of systemic solutions.
Genuine transformation will require unified efforts at all levels of the media ecosystem—from local grassroots initiatives to robust international regulatory frameworks. As a valuable resource for the media development community, students and scholars of journalism and communications, and the media industry, this study offers insights that can inspire action to combat gender inequality and promote more inclusive media practices.
To enhance gender equality, newsrooms must provide resources, support, and accountability mechanisms that enable women journalists to reach leadership positions and address workplace grievances. Funding for gender equality in media development is severely lacking. When designing and implementing strategies to advance and safeguard independent journalism, donors, policymakers, and businesses must integrate a gender lens, and monitor progress against gender equality indicators. Local, regional, and international actors must spearhead a coordinated movement for gender equality at normative, policy, and implementation levels. A key facet of this will be leveraging regulatory and self-regulatory mechanisms to protect women journalists and enhance gender inclusion in media while safeguarding editorial autonomy and media freedom." (Key findings)
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"The South Asia Center for Media in Development (SACMID), addresses gender disparity both within the workplace and media content. Its main focus is utilizing the Gender Media Monitoring Tool to tackle these issues. The data collected through media monitoring is subsequently employed for advocacy ini
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tiatives involving multiple stakeholders. The paper aims to evaluate the project activities carried out by SACMID within PRIMED (Protecting Independent Media for Effective Development), focusing on their efforts to promote gender sensitivity in the media sector in Bangladesh. The primary objective is to assess the effectiveness of SACMID’s interventions by examining the degree to which the monitored outlets as well as stakeholders within the media sector have seen positive changes by themselves or in the sector a whole when it comes to the level of gender sensitive content reporting (and gender sensitivity in the newsrooms). We also wish to look into the level of success in SACMID’s attempt to establish itself as a known stakeholder on gender and media in Bangladesh." (Introduction, page 3)
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"The project Promotion of Resilient Communities: Addressing COVID-19-related Poverty by Community Radios in South and Southeast Asia was implemented by the World Association of Radio Broadcasters (AMARC) Asia-Pacific regional office to support community radios in four countries - Bangladesh, India,
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Indonesia and Nepal - in producing programmes that serve as an “emergency response” to help the most marginalised and needy people in the local communities, who have been impacted by the pandemic. In all four countries included in the project, the lockdowns deprived the poorest sections of the population - such as migrant workers and day labourers - of their livelihoods. The people in the rural and especially the hard-to-reach regions are hardly noticed in the public discourse, and some are completely cut off from the general flow of information due to technical, financial and/or language barriers. In contrast, community radios have key characteristics that make them stand out: they are perceived as a trusted part of the community, and their programmes are mostly produced in partnership with and with the participation of community members. 32 community radio journalists from 16 community radios in four countries participated in the training workshops that were organized early this year. There were eight participants from four radio stations in Bangladesh – Radio Jhenuk, Radio Mahananda, Radio Sarabela and Radio Sagorgiri, six participants from three radio stations in India – Gurgaon ki Awaaz, Radio Benziger, and Saiyere Jo Radio, six participants from three radio stations in Indonesia – Lintas Merapi FM, Pass FM, and Rasi FM and two from the community radio association of Indonesia, JRKI and 10 participants from five radio stations in Nepal – Radio Dhading, Radio Parasi, Radio Rudraksha, Radio Sindhu and Radio Udayapur. This publication is a document that summarizes the training workshop sessions and serves as reference/training material for not just the participant radios but the member radios of the association." (Executive summary, page 2)
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"The stories presented here are some examples of how the Multi-Donor Programme for Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP) works to provide countries and their populations with the necessary tools to nurture a free and independent media. This includes promoting the adoption of policies
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and standards on freedom of expression and safety of journalists, and fostering diversity, gender equality and media and information literacy through and with the media." (https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression/mdp/stories)
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"The strategy presented in this document is the result of a year-long process of literature review and consultation with staff, partners, journalists and experts. A number of webinars for seminars and debates were organised, and several drafts were distributed and discussed. Consequently, this strat
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egy constitutes a common construction of the larger IMS community. Much of it describes what IMS is already doing, and staff and partners alike will recognise elements of the current gender approach. The new perspective added – that of intersectional feminism – is not a miraculous and single solution to the challenges of media development. We believe, however, that it will allow us – the people who are the soul of IMS – to further express our commitment to gender equality." (Publisher description)
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"Gender remains an under-researched topic in the literature on media and development. A brief evaluation of seven books on media development and media for development shows that only 2% of pages are devoted to gender and feminist issues and that ‘gender’ and ‘women’ are often framed in narro
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w, binary ways. It is the field of Gender Media Studies and development communication that contributes most significantly to the literature on gender in media development. Grey literature and research on information and communication technologies (ICTs) for development also contribute to the current research on media, gender, and development. Nonetheless, this literature review identifies the emerging field of African Gender Media Studies as the most varied and promising field of research with respect to the assessment of gender perspectives in media development, particularly on the African continent." (Abstract)
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"This briefing note is designed to give readers a basic understanding of the role of media regulatory and self-regulatory systems in promoting gender equality and inclusion. It highlights the main self- and regulatory systems that reflect or affect the role of media – from the perspective of gende
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r – and will offer a basic understanding to inspire the reader to take action and initiate change in the field. The final goal is to help inspire the introduction of a co-regulatory system wherein both regulation and self-regulation models combine to improve women’s human rights and gender equality in and through media, telecommunications, and digital platforms. The note is aimed at media practitioners who do not necessarily have a deep understanding of the field of gender in media development; it also aims to be of interest to and relevance for women’s rights organisations, other civil society organisations, and those who want to push for gender equality and inclusion in and through the media." (Publisher description)
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"Gender perspectives in media development are common in grey literature produced and promoted by media development actors. Yet, academic research investigating gender dimensions in media development practice and discourse remains scarce. This paper wants to contribute to filling this gap. The empiri
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cal data results from my PhD field research with women journalists in proximity radios in Burkina Faso. Based on the perspective of women journalists, the study gathered transversal data that sheds light on how they experience and perceive media development activities. The data was collected in 2019-2021 through interviews and audio diaries with a total of 10 female journalists. This paper examines media development activities and their effects on women journalists’ lived experiences. The analysis uses an intersectional lens to grasp the interdependences of different power structures. Findings show how media development interventions might have both positive and negative effects on women journalists’ everyday life. As such, media development activities shape the power structures within the media environment, enabling and restricting women journalists’ access, interaction, and participation in content production and decision-making. The data also shows how the security situation in Burkina Faso affects women journalists in a different way and sheds light to blind spots in the efforts of NGOs to incorporate gender dimensions in their approaches. The analysis reveals the complexities in which media development interventions at times challenge and reinforce existing inequalities in the media sector." (Abstract)
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"The purpose of this ex-post evaluation is for Internews to understand the impact that Safe Sisters has had on women in East Africa by documenting and publicly sharing their stories and evaluating the training approach itself. As women and girls come online for the first time, they disproportionatel
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y face violence, which creates risks to their physical safety and stifles their ability to capture the Internet’s transformative economic and social potential. Internews, together with partner DefendDefenders — a Uganda-based non-governmental organization (NGO) — developed the Safe Sisters program, a year-long fellowship that provides women human rights defenders and journalists with the techniques and tools they need to navigate online spaces safely, assume informed risks, and take control of their lives in an increasingly digital world." (Publisher description)
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"We illustrate the principles and processes of gender transformative communication by presenting a case study of a long-running social change initiative spearheaded by Minga Perú, a community-based organization in the Peruvian Amazon. Applying a gender and power lens, we illustrate how communicatio
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n transforms existing gender structures. Specifically, we analyze the monumental shifts that are occurring in roles, norms, hierarchies and relationships between women and men in the Peruvian Amazon emanating from Minga’s gender transformative approach. Our analysis highlights gendered shifts at the individual, family, community and institutional level. Through our analysis we outline a communicative process for gender transformation, highlighting how the Minga approach contributes to multiple gender-related outcomes across health, violence, participation, agency and decision-making. We argue that each component of Minga’s process is essentially communicative in nature. Simply put, communication serves as both a means and an end to achieving gender transformation." (Abstract)
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"To attain gender equality as a long-term objective, a multi-layered strategy and action is required. In that process, media are a part of the problem, as well as they are a part of the solution. While it has been well established that media organizations can play an influential role in contributing
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to transformation and change in society, they also reflect the forms and patterns of prevailing societal values. In brief, by supporting media, USAID can further the implementation of gender-specific objectives through a dual-track approach that focuses on (1) improving the enabling environment for female journalists; and (2) facilitating production and dissemination of gender-sensitive content implemented through “media for development” and/or “media development” program strategies." (Recommendation, page 19)
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"Implemented between January-March 2020, the Jordan Media Assessment (JMA) aims to provide an overview of the media landscape in Jordan, with a specific focus on how digital media impact Jordan’s democratic development. The findings will assist USAID/Jordan to determine the broader needs of the me
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dia sector and make recommendations on possible areas of interventions for potential USAID engagement that advance USAID’s new Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS). The JMA includes three distinct reports: (1) Media Landscape Analysis, which provides a comprehensive review of the media sector, legal framework, political will and economic context that affect the work of media, a review of media assistance/development programs (2009-onwards), as well as an overview of the journalism educational ecosystem; (2) Digital Media Sector Assessment, which provides an in-depth overview of the extent of civic engagement through digital media a summary of challenges to media viability, as well as the capacity and institutional needs required to enhance and sustain traditional and alternative media in this digital landscape; and (3) Online Youth Survey, which was implemented to capture insights into how Jordanian youth (aged 18-29) access and engage with digital media, as well as better understand their consumption habits, levels of trust and media literacy, the impact of social media influencers and youth-related issues. The major findings of these three reports are consolidated in this Executive Summary followed by relevant recommendations with illustrative interventions responding to the challenges and opportunities facing the media sector in Jordan." (Page 1)
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"Justice4Her is a cross-sector, multi-stakeholder project of RNW Media and Qianqian Law Firm that seeks to strengthen the rule of law and reduce gender-based violence (GBV) towards women migrant workers in China. The project launched in 2016 and targets women migrant workers in Beijing, Shanghai and
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Guangdong Province and was scaled further with co-funding from the European Commission in 2018. Justice4Her provides legal support through a digital interactive platform and disseminates information on GBV to millions through online channels (social media platforms, blogs, email, WeChat groups) and integrates this online work with offline activities. The project has increased mainstream media coverage in China of how GBV affects young women migrants and carried out viral online campaigns to raise public awareness and to challenge tolerance and acceptance of GBV. While advocating for the improvement of anti-domestic violence laws in China, Justice4Her provides pro bono legal aid to victims of GBV in partnership with Beijing Qianqian law firm, a local law firm, both in the form of consultations via mail and support in bringing their cases to court and representing them. The project has also trained pro bono lawyers to better represent victims, media professionals to encourage more gender sensitive reporting on cases of GBV and NGOs on how conduct successful anti-GBV media campaigns and effectively counter negative stereotypes and shift public discourse from a victim blaming narrative to a survivor narrative." (Introduction)
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"Findings from the survey revealed that the Report Women FRLP has achieved its goal exceptionally. It equipped the fellows with knowledge and capability for leadership with evidence of increased visibility for the fellows as leaders in their newsrooms. It opened opportunities for personal and profes
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sional development and changed news organisations’ perception about female leadership and the representation of the voice of women as leaders in news reports. It accrued over 1,200 direct and indirect beneficiaries. WSCIJ was convinced about the capacity of the Report women programme to be a game-changer when we started in 2014. This report proves that increased participation of female reporters who are well-trained as leaders with passion and knowledge for reporting girls and women issues correctly can engender a socially just world if we all commit to sustaining the engagement." (Executive summary)
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"Based on interviews with 18 managers (8 female, 10 male) of media outlets in 12 countries, the research findings show that there is a wide range of motivations for media managers to promote gender equality in the workplace. The main argument used is the fact that the managers believe in gender equa
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lity and want to set an example to promote gender equality in society. Furthermore, business motives play a role, as well as personal reasons. The argument of the ‘business case for gender equality’, arguing that promoting gender equality in the workplace is good for business is regularly used to convince media outlets of the importance of gender equality in their organisation. This research shows that in encouraging managers of media outlets to promote gender equality, the business argument might work, but other angles should be used as well [...] Success factors to promote gender equality identified in this research include: Commitment and clear communication by management; Employing a flexible approach, adapting to the local context and culture; Institutionalizing the efforts through for example a gender policy; Using guidelines and measures to guarantee safety of female journalists; Implementing accountability mechanisms to constantly monitor progress." (Executive summary)
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"2019 has seen major achievements resulting from needs-based, and specifically-tailored support through the Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP). Actions building on ongoing work and others opening new avenues, have initiated substantial changes in favour of
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freedom of expression and media development. The stories presented here are some examples of how the MDP works to provide countries and their populations with the necessary tools to nurture a free and independent media. This includes promoting the adoption of policies and standards on freedom of expression and safety of journalists, and fostering diversity, gender equality and media and information literacy through and with the media. Hence the name given to this series of articles: Let Free Media Thrive." (Editorial, page 2)
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"There is evidence that [the radio drama series] 'Life in Lulu' had a strong impact on women’s attitudes and inspired female listeners to resolve conflicts non-violently and encourage others to do the same. This seems to be driven by having characters that are engaging to women and storylines that
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challenge traditional gender roles and model more balanced power dynamics between men and women. However, the drama had less impact on shifting the attitudes of men in relation to the role of women in decision-making and conflict resolution. Gender norms related to decision-making within and outside the home are particularly ‘sticky’ and difficult to change." (Conclusion)
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"This article aims to make a contribution to the understudied field of gender in media development through a case study of Internews, an international non-governmental organisation that acts as an intermediary between donors and recipients. In February 2018, Internews announced a ‘Gender Equality
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and Women’s Empowerment Strategy’ that builds on a ‘Women’s Initiative’ launched in October 2015. This article examines both the initiative and the strategy within the framework of media development. Findings are based on 18 in-depth interviews with staff members in the United States and abroad from February to July 2016, as well as follow-up correspondence in 2018 and 2019. Interviews showed that earlier gender work at Internews took place in a haphazard fashion, but that the organisation set out to change from one where there was a mere awareness of women, to one were women are intentionally accommodated and included, to being gender transformative. Interviewees argued that it was important to focus on women as half of the world’s population, and that women need to have their voices heard to accurately reflect communities. Finally, interviewees considered how Internews approaches gender equality in places where it may not be an accepted value." (Abstract)
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"The 'We Can Do It' (WCDI) radio program was established to educate, raise awareness and responsiveness to violence again women in Cambodia. Programs were broadcast in 5 provinces: Battambang, Kampong Cham, Siem Reap, Kampot and Kratie. The program ran for three years (2016-2019) under financial and
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technical support from ABCID and Australian Aid. This impact briefing reveals the progress made by the radio program towards ending violence against women. WCDI listeners consistently demonstrate better knowledge of legal processes and resources than an inclusive sample. Less promisingly, both listeners and non-listeners exhibit decreased confidence in the capacity and willingness of authorities to intervene." (https://www.abc.net.au/abc-international-development)
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