"Ce compte-rendu présente les résultats d'une étude s'appuyant sur une méthode à la fois innovante et éprouvée pour mettre en lumière les effets d'un programme radiophonique d'informations et de débats au mali. La présente étude poursuit deux objectifs : d’une part, il s’agit d’iden
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tifier les effets relatifs à la résolution des conflits et au processus de paix à différents niveaux (individu et société d’un côté, concernant les savoirs, les opinions et les comportements d’un autre côté). D’autre part, elle vise à acquérir de nouvelles connaissances méthodologiques pour permettre à l’avenir de développer des études similaires sur les effets des médias. Au-delà des résultats obtenus, ce projet doit également servir de base concrète pour améliorer la pratique des programmes d’informations de Studio Tamani au Mali dans le but d’amplifier leur impact. Le concept de l'étude a été élaboré en prenant en compte d'une part les hypothèses de travail du programme de la fondation Hirondelle au Mali et d'autre part les publications actuelles concernant les effets des médias. Ainsi, les thèses examinées portent à la fois sur les effets visés par le programme de la fondation Hirondelle au Mali et les hypothèses plus générales avancées par la recherche en matière d'effets médiatiques. Parallèlement, cette étude se veut explorative, intégrant ainsi dans toutes ses étapes la possibilité de découvrir de nouveaux effets jusqu'ici inconnus. À cet effet, deux méthodes couramment utilisées dans les études médiatiques ont été combinées : l'enquête et l'analyse de contenus. L'étude permet de dégager quatre conclusions principales :
1 : Studio Tamani fournit plus d‘informations sur le conflit et ses auditeurs se sentent mieux informés, de façon significative
2 : L’écoute de Studio Tamani éveille donc l’intérêt politique en général, consolidant ainsi une condition pour que les citoyens prennent part au dialogue politique et à la recherche de solutions.
3 : L’écoute aux émissions de Studio Tamani incite plus aux discussions à propos du conflit. Cet effet se restreint toutefois au cercle de la famille et des amis.
4 : Il y a une préférence significante parmis les écouteurs des émissions de Studio Tamani pour le «dialogue » comme solution au conflit inter-malien.
Si l’étude n’a pas pu vérifier certaines hypothèses de travail trop ambitieuses du programme Hirondelle, comme l’idée que Studio Tamani encourageait un « engagement vers la paix » ou encore une « culture de la paix », elle prouve toutefois qu’écouter les émissions de Studio Tamani a des effets favorables au processus de paix." (Résumé)
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"The intervention was designed to increase awareness about conflict drivers in education, strengthen youth competencies in peacebuilding and access to established community structures for conflict management, as well as promote collaborative partnerships around education in local communities. In all
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of these aspects the intervention has been found to be highly successful, and the C4D-informed strategy of intervention has been effective in cultivating change across a wide range of target segments. The study documents significant changes in key outcome and impact indicators for the program in 3 out of 20 target Districts. The consistency in findings across districts and triangulated data sources is seen as an indicator of reliability of the evidence and likely validity of the findings for the project as a whole. It is suggested that the intervention is replicated and scaled to enhance conflict management capabilities around education, foster gender-transformative norm changes in relation to education and strengthen relationships that benefit children’s’ educational experience." (Conclusion)
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"Voces al Aire es una guía didáctica básica para la realización de programas radiales desde las comunidades. Se trata de una herramienta orientadora que permitirá iniciar el trabajo periodístico para narrar las iniciativas de paz que surgen en los territorios. Así mismo, se encontrará una se
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rie de recomendaciones prácticas que asegurarán lograr una producción radial atractiva para el público." (Presentación)
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"Llegan ondas de Paz" es una estrategia comunicativa que tiene como objetivos y actividades Ios siguientes objetivos: Generar una cultura de convivencia, participación y reconciliación a través de la capacidad de estar informados sobre los Acuerdos de Paz que se adelantan en el país, por medio d
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e una Estrategia Comunicativa - efectiva de información sobre los avances del proceso de Paz en el departamento del Putumayo, a través de Radio Waira. Objetivo de las actividades: 1. Apoyar a la Organización Zonal Indígena del Putumayo (OZIP) y a Radio Waira en capacitación, producción y difusión comunitaria, sobre los Acuerdos de Paz, con lenguaje y contenido propio de las comunidades indígenas del Putumayo. 2. Promover el liderazgo de la Organización Zonal Indígena del Putumayo (OZIP) y a Radio Waira como un canal de información sobre los Acuerdos de Paz durante las fases de preparación e implementación. 3. Aumentar la participación de las comunidades indígenas del Putumayo durante las fases de preparación e implementación de los Acuerdos de Paz." (Página 9)
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"For several years, local radio stations in Uganda have broadcast “come home” messages that encourage the rebel Lord’s Resistance Army to demobilize. Since the rebels began carrying out attacks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Central African Republic, several international actors h
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ave introduced the same messages to these regions. This new effort has internationalized radio programming, benefited local radio stations, provided new forms of messaging, and functioned in collaboration with military actors. This article provides an overview of how “come home” messaging functions in different contexts, examines the effects of these actions, and calls for research into an important shift in military–humanitarian relations." (Abstract)
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"The present study (N= 1074) examined the impact of a theory-driven media intervention aimed atviolence prevention and intergroup reconciliation in Burundi. We used a novel methodology utilizing audio-based surveys to assess attitudes related to intergroup conflict and reconciliation among community
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members. We conducted a propensity score analysis to estimate the causal effects ofthe intervention by examining differences between listeners and non-listeners of the radio dramas. The results indicated a positive effect of the intervention on several social psychological outcomes (tolerance, in-group superiority, social distance, intergroup trust, responsibility attributions, trauma disclosure and competitive victimhood). However, listeners and non-listeners did not differ in obedience toward leaders or historical perspective taking; and the results for active bystandership, one of the main foci of the intervention, were mixed. Furthermore, the results show that the impact of theintervention sometimes depends on listeners’personal experiences of victimization." (Abstract)
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"Aziza Bangwene [écrit] sur différents projets développés par l'Institut Panos Paris dans la perspective de la consolidation de la paix dans la région: elle présente en particulier le projet OGL Ondes des Grands Lacs, mis en oeuvre entre 2009 et 2013, et dont l'objectif principal était d'amen
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er les journalistes originaires des trois pays à abandonner leurs préjugés et leur perspective tronquée sur les réalités des pays voisins, et à s'ouvrir à d'autres points de vue sur la crise régionale. Elle souligne les acquis de ce programme, mais relève aussi un certain nombre de questions qui subsistent au terme de sa mise en oeuvre." (Introduction, page 10)
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"Politische Spannungen und Vorurteile belasten das Verhältnis zwischen Ruandern, Burundiern und Kongolesen. So manch einer verzieht bei der Vorstellung ins Nachbarland einreisen zu müssen, das Gesicht. Das Spukgespenst des bösen Nachbarn verbreiten und verstärken nicht zuletzt die Medien. Doch e
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s geht auch anders. Die Macher der ruandischen Jugendradiosendung Ejo! setzen auf einen positiven Nachbarschaftsbegriff. Ihr Ansatz: Journalisten aus drei Ländern arbeiten zusammen und senden in die ganze Region." (Seite 8)
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"The report explores how discussion programmes – where a diverse audience, representing the whole of society, is engaged in fair and balanced debate – can stimulate both private/interpersonal discussion and public discussion in either a community setting or one hosted by local government. It the
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n goes on to examine whether discussion can, in turn, affect conflict-related attitudes at scale, whether attitudes towards other groups in society or attitudes towards violence. The basic idea is that regular engagement in the sort of media programmes our organisation seeks to provide can help to mitigate conflict in fragile settings by increasing understanding of the other, facilitating compromise and ultimately engendering less recourse to violence. Data collected by BBC Media Action in Kenya and Nigeria is used to test the hypothesis that media induced discussion is associated with attitudes that are related to conflict and fragility. The results reveal a rich but complicated picture. We find relatively consistent evidence in both countries that our discussion-oriented media programmes are strongly linked to private discussion among family, friends and others. Evidence from Kenya also suggests that exposure to debate-style programming is potentially linked to public political discussion, but that this relationship is likely to be mediated through other variables such as private political discussion. Finally, in both cases, both private and public discussion is strongly associated with individual attitudes towards conflict. However, the relationship is a complex one and bears further examination." (Executive summary)
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"L'utilisation des technologies de l'information dans des projets innovants a été largement encouragée dans le cadre de divers projets d'appuis aux médias de la région des Grands Lacs. Cyprien Ndikumana présente un certain nombre d'initiatives mises en place, depuis 10 ans, pour amener les jou
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rnalistes du Burundi, du Rwanda et du Congo, à apporter une contribution positive à l'édification d'une paix durable. Il détaille quelques-uns de ces projets, mais s'attarde aussi sur les interrogations qu'ils engendrent en termes de durabilité et d'appropriation." (Introduction, page 10)
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"We report on a field experiment and a focus group interview study that examine the impact of a media-based intervention (i.e., radio drama) aimed at promoting peaceful intergroup relations in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In Study 1, we used a priming paradigm to assess the causal
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impact of the intervention among 1,522 Congolese community members in North and South Kivu. The results revealed mixed effects of the media intervention on psychological outcomes: Priming the radio drama increased inclusive victim consciousness while reducing exclusive victim consciousness and social distance. However, priming also increased support for conformity toward leaders, and reduced the belief that cross-group discussions can resolve problems in community. Findings from a follow-up focus group interview study (with 6 focus groups, N = 51) shed light on possible reasons for these mixed results. We discuss why strategies that are effective in improving intergroup relations in the aftermath of violence might not be as effective in settings of ongoing violence." (Abstract)
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"This book analyses the use of communication in resolving conflicts, with a focus on de-escalation and processes of peacebuilding and peace formation. From the employment of hate radio in the Rwanda genocide, to the current conflict between Russia and the Ukraine following events in the Crimea, comm
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unication and the media are widely recognized as powerful tools in conflicts and war. Although there has been significant academic attention on the relationship between the media, conflict and war, academic efforts to understand this relationship have tended to focus primarily on the links between communication and conflict, rather than on communication and peace. In order to make sense of peace it is essential to look at communication in its many facets, mediated or not. This is true within many of the diverse strands that make up the field of communication and peace, but it is also true in the sense that a holistic and interdisciplinary approach is missing from the literature. This book addresses this widely acknowledged lacuna by providing an interdisciplinary perspective on the field, bringing together relevant, but so far largely isolated, streams of research. In doing so, it aims to provide a platform for further reflection of the meaning of, and requirements for, peace in our contemporary world with a focus on de-escalation, conflict transformation, reconciliation and processes of peacebuilding - as opposed to conflict escalation or crisis intervention." (Publisher description)
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"This document is a report on the radio component of Peace through Development II (P-DEV II), a multi-year development program funded by the United States Agency for International Development/West Africa (USAID/WA), whose main goal is to counter violent extremism in Chad, Niger, and Burkina Faso. P-
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DEV II has four strategic objectives: 1) empower youth; 2) increase moderate voices; 3) increase the capacity of civil society; and 4) strengthen local government [...] Part of P-DEV II efforts are concentrated on building the capacity of local radio stations to produce and broadcast content by providing them with equipment, technical assistance, and training of their staff. In Chad, training and equipment upgrades to partner radio stations led to the production and broadcasting of the series Dabalaye (The Meeting Place), a governance radio program, and Chabab Al Haye (Youth Alive), a program targeting youth. In Niger, local radio station capacity building led to the production and broadcasting of the series Sada Zumunci (Solidarity), a governance radio program, and Gwadaben Matasa (Youth Boulevard), a youth program. This report presents an assessment of P-DEV II radio programming in relation to its strategic objectives and stated goals by evaluating the impact of radio broadcasts among youth (ages 15-30) in selected radio-only zones (non-core) in Chad and Niger [...] P-DEV II radio programming had positive effects on interaction with people from other ethnicities in Chad, but no impact in Niger. The impact of radio listenership on interpersonal and institutional trust is mixed. In Chad, positive effects on trust in local government, central government and in religious leaders were found, but radio listenership had a negative effect on interpersonal trust. In Niger, listenership had positive effects on trust in local government and in religious leaders, but a negative effect on trust in the police. There are relatively strong positive effects of P-DEV II radio programming on the perception that other ethnic groups and youth participate in decision-making in Chad. In Niger, by contrast, negative effects were found on the perception that women and the respondent’s own ethnic group are involved in decision-making." (Executive summary, page 2-3)
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"Since the end of the civil war in Sierra Leone the organisation Sierra Leone Adult Education Association (SLADEA), with its headquarters in Freetown and 13 branches all over the country, added Peace Building to its curriculum. In this field of work young people are a particular target group; youth
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is seen as a catalyst for social change. The case of Sierra Leone’s civil war shows that youth play an important part to make, strengthen or break a system. The young population in Sierra Leone have an strong impact in terms of peace building and peace keeping. A way to catch the youth’s interest is entertainment education. Radio is the most popular medium in this West African country; one reason is the high illiteracy rate. In order to reach the masses the local NGO’s SLADEA, Freetong Players International and Culture Radio decided to produce a radio drama which both educates and entertains its listeners." (Page 71)
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"RLB’s interventions in Rwanda, Burundi, and the DRC have achieved significant knowledge, attitude, and behavior changes. Among the most notable of these: With respect to gains in knowledge, members of RLB’s audience have gained better understandings of the cycle of violence and methods used by
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politicians to manipulate audiences. With respect to attitudes, members of RLB’s audience have experienced positive attitude changes regarding trust in communities, the importance of dealing with trauma, the dangers of scapegoating, the importance of active bystandership, acceptance of marriage outside one’s own ethnic group, and the importance of understanding complex truths about the past, developing a shared history, and seeking justice. With respect to behaviors, members of RLB’s audience became more willing to hear an opposing group’s side of the story, became less willing to automatically cede to authority, become more willing to attend reconciliation activities, and increased discussion of topics presented in RLB programming with friends and family." (Executive summary)
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"The Peace Radio project was conceived in 2009 by the Resource Center for Civil Society Groups Association (RCCSGA) and Council of Nationalities (CoN) of SNNPRS (Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional State). The Civil Peace Service-Program (CPS) of GIZ is supporting the project financi
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ally and by technical support through experts since its start [...] The main objective of the peace radio program is to enhance the culture of peace in communities in conflict in particular and among the public with access to the radio program in general [...] Since 2012 the program has been operational in 12 Woredas of SNNP and Oromiya Regional States. In the second project phase, 20 listener groups with a total of 400 members regrouped into 10 joint listener groups in adjacent Kebeles of the two regions have been setup and have been actively listening to the Peace Radio programs. Apart from members of listener groups, all people within the reach of the radio signal coverage can listen to the program. An estimated 2 million people in both regions have been reached by the program." (Pages 5-6)
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"A field experiment in Rwanda investigated the impact of a radio drama designed to increase perspective-taking with regard to the history of intergroup conflict. An audio-based priming technique was used to assess the causal impact of the radio drama. Rwandan participants (N=842) listened to an audi
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o-delivered questionnaire recorded either in the voice of a main character of the radio drama (experimental priming condition) or an unknown actor (control condition). Participants primed with the radio drama reported higher levels of historical perspective-taking, engaged less in competitive victimhood, and expressed less mistrust toward the out-group. Overall, the findings suggest that fictional radio dramas can be used to address opposing historical narratives in the aftermath of violent conflict. Additionally, the study demonstrates the usefulness of a priming paradigm to assess causal influence of mass media interventions." (Abstract)
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"The Media Council of Kenya (MCK), the statutory body established under the Media Act 2007 that regulates media and advances professionalism of the media in Kenya, monitored a set of ten vernacular radio stations in September/October 2011 in order to assess their current performance. The study looke
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d at the adherence of the stations to the “Code of Conduct for the Practice of Journalism in Kenya” and the quality and diversity of their coverage. The monitoring was carried out during the confirmation of charges hearings at the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague. A specific objective of the study was to analyze the ICC coverage in terms of accuracy, balance, fairness and conflict sensitivity. Key Findings: The radio stations scored highly on balance and fairness: 97% of the news reports showed no evidence of slanted reporting and 96% covered at least two viewpoints; only a few cases of hate speech were encountered. 99,5% of all radio items contained no hate speech; women were clearly underrepresented in the radio programmes. Women were central news subjects in less than 10% of the news items. Only a quarter of the presenters were female; the radio stations covered the ICC confirmation of charges hearings mainly in their news bulletins. Only a few talk-shows took up the topic. Several editors and managers described this editorial line as an attempt to avoid ethnic tension and incitement; the ICC coverage was predominantly perpetrator-centred. Only a few stories included the side of the victims of post-election violence. Most of the coverage focused on the immediate court procedures, only a few items provided in-depth background information about the cases." (Executive summary)
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"Star Radio, one of Liberia’s leading nationally broadcast radio stations, went off-air at the end of 2010 following a staff strike. Started as an international project with funding from international donors, the station did not have the capacity to compete in a challenging market when donor fundi
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ng stopped; financial problems were what ultimately resulted in the staff grievances. Staff perceptions that the station’s management lacked independence, however, prolonged the stand-off, which proved impossible for the station to overcome. In uncovering these dynamcis and exploring Star’s role in the media landscape, this study highlights a number of important issues about media development in post-conflict countries. As a review of the current literature about media development reveals, the liberal democratic principles upon which media development was founded often lead to prioritizing support for both local and private media. In contexts of peacebuilding, however, both national and public service-style media may be of critical importance to the concurrent state-building and nationbuilding exercises. Using interviews to understand the issues that led to Star Radio’s closure, this study argues that it may be impossible for stations attempting to provide national public service to be either fully commercial or partially state-financed. In such cases, it is important for all actors to prioritize the value of public service-style media, rather than focusing on a debate between the value of the two business models: private- versus public-sector media. Delinking the concept of public service from public sector and embedding media development needs within broader national development strategies may allow media development and development actors to identify more creative approaches to supporting public service-style media." (Abstract)
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