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Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
21
Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy
15
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
11
War Reporting
11
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
10
Public Relations
9
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
9
Media, Mass Media
9
Nazism
8
Television
8
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
7
Censorship
7
Transnational Broadcasting, International Broadcasting
7
Political Communication
7
Government Communication Strategies
6
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
6
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
6
International Communication
6
International Radio Broadcasting, Foreign Radio Broadcasting
6
Press
6
Advertising
5
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
5
Military: Communication Strategies & Practices
5
Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
5
Information Warfare, Psychological Warfare
5
History of Radio
5
Media & Communication Policies
5
Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
5
Radio
5
Persuasive Communication
5
Transnational Advertising, International Advertising
4
Media / Communication Control
4
Internet
4
Social Media in Political Communication
4
Foreign Disinformation, Foreign Information Manipulation Operations, Foreign Propaganda
4
Ethics in Media & Communication
4
Foreign News, International News
4
Globalisation of Media
4
Media Law & Regulation: International Standards & Practices
4
Politics and Media
4
Influence of Media on Politics
4
Public Opinion
4
Media Effects
4
Theories of Communication & Media
4
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
3
Cinema
3
Communication Rights
3
Foreign Government Communication Interventions
3
Islamic State (Political-Religious Extremist Organization)
3
Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
3
War Propaganda, Propaganda in Conflicts
3
Development and Media
3
Conspiracy Narratives, Conspiracy Theories
3
Economics of Media
3
China: Transnational Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
3
International Media & Communication Policies
3
Transnational Media Corporations, International Media Companies
3
Television News
3
Media Law & Regulation
3
Government
3
Democracy / Democratization and Media
3
Political Transition and Media
3
Newspapers
3
Ideologies
3
Islamist Communications & Media
3
Research in Media & Communication
3
Society
3
Telecommunication Networks
3
Flow of Information
2
Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
2
Textbooks, Textbook Development, Publishing & Research
2
Freedom of Expression
2
Government Propaganda
2
Community Radios
2
Genocides
2
International Conflicts
2
Civil Wars
2
Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
2
Extremism & Terrorism Reporting
2
Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
2
Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
2
Theatre
2
Collective Memory & Media, Media Representation of History
2
Culture (General)
2
Modernization Development Approaches, Developmentalism
2
Museums
2
Bots
2
Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
2
Facebook
2
Twitter & Microblogs
2
YouTube
2
Racism in Communication & Media
2
Political Economy of Media
2
Consumption, Consumer Behaviour, Consumerism
2
Fact-Checking & Verification of Sources
2
COVID-19 Communication
2
History of Transnational Communication
2
Intercultural Communication, Intercultural Competencies
2
International News Flow
2
Influence of Media on Foreign & International Policies
2
World Information and Communication Order
2
UNESCO
2
News Agencies
2
Photojournalism
2
Rhetorics, Public Speaking, Speeches
2
Civil Rights
2
Human Rights
2
Media Outlets, Media Associations
2
BBC
2
Voice of America
2
Music
2
Photography
2
Capitalism
2
Communism, Marxism
2
Political Influence
2
Political Role & Influence of Radio, Radio & Democratization
2
Radicalisation: Influence of Media
2
Public Spheres
2
Public & State Radios
2
Public & State Television
2
Indoctrination
2
Manipulation
2
Religion and Communication
2
Ethnic Groups, Ethnic Minorities
2
Revolutions
2
Telecommunications
2
Visual Communication
2
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
1
Advertising Agencies
1
Advertising Ethics
1
History of Advertising
1
Audiences & Users
1
Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
1
Media Use: Catholic Media Productions
1
Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
1
Authoritarian Discourse
1
Clandestine Radios
1
Book Policies (National & International)
1
Election Campaigns
1
Political Campaigns
1
Catholic Church and Communication
1
Child Protection, Protection of Minors
1
Children & Childhood
1
Puppetry
1
Violence in the Media: Effects on Children
1
Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD)
1
Christian Television
1
Christian Television Programmes
1
Televangelism
1
Church Marketing
1
Communication Pastoral, Media Pastoral
1
Pentecostal Churches & Communication
1
Celebrities, Idols, Stars
1
Documentaries, Television Documentaries, Web Documentaries
1
Public Film Policies, Film Legislation, Public Film Funding
1
Videos
1
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
1
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
1
Espionage
1
Communication Strategies
1
International Organizations: Communication Strategies & Practices
1
Alternative Communication & Media
1
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
1
Media Assistance: Community Radios
1
Telecentres, Community Telecentres, Internet Cafés
1
Storytelling
1
Conflicts, Conflict Prevention & Management, Mediation, Peacebuilding
1
Cultural Conflicts
1
Holocaust
1
Terrorism
1
Humanitarian Interventions
1
Russia-Ukraine War <2014-
1
Conflicts and Media
1
Conflicts & Wars: Roles of Digital Technologies & Conflict Narratives in Social Media
1
Dealing With the Past
1
Enemy Images
1
Extremist Recruitment through Media
1
Hate Speech Legislation & Regulation
1
Media Law & Regulation in Conflict Areas
1
Media Criticism
1
Rumours & Rumour Management
1
Theatre for Development
1
Cultural Domination, Media Imperialism, Cultural & Media Dependency
1
Culture and Politics
1
Narratives, Narrative Structures
1
National Character
1
Philosophy
1
Developing Countries
1
Nonprofit Organizations, NGOs
1
Open Society Foundations (NGO network)
1
Development Communication: Indigenous & Traditional Communication
1
Development Communication Theories
1
Influence of Media on Development Aid
1
Big Digital Platforms, Big Tech Companies
1
Data Journalism, Computer-Assisted Investigative Reporting
1
Digital & Information Literacy
1
Internet / ICTs and Social Change
1
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
1
Social Media
1
Influencers (Social Media)
1
Telegram
1
WhatsApp
1
Artificial Intelligence
1
Digitalisation, Online Communication & Democracy / Democratization
1
Minorities
1
Government-Sponsored Disinformation
1
Health Disinformation & Misinformation
1
Digital & Online Archives
1
Press Markets
1
Media Ownership
1
Economic Conditions
1
Education (General)
1
Illiteracy, Non-Literate Persons
1
Literacy, Literacy Campaigns, Postliteracy, Alphabetisation Policies
1
Primary Education
1
Training
1
Sports Reporting
1
Soap Operas & Telenovelas
1
Television Fiction
1
Climate Change Communication, Climate Journalism
1
Codes of Journalistic Ethics
1
Bias in News Media
1
Sexuality: Media Representation, Sexually Explicit Media Content, Pornography
1
Responsibility
1
Female Journalists & Media Workers
1
Feminism & Communication
1
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Gatekeepers
1
Future
1
Utopias
1
Sexual Health Communication, Reproductive Health Education, Family Planning
1
History of Media & Communication
1
History of Media: Colonial Period
1
History of Media: 20th Century
1
History of Television
1
Second World War (1939-1945)
1
Foreign Correspondents
1
Foreign Countries: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Foreign Television Programmes
1
Image Abroad
1
Communication Rights in the Information Society (CRIS)
1
Russia: Foreign Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
1
Satellite Television
1
Transnational & Comparative Communication Research
1
Foreign Policies
1
Diplomacy
1
European Union (EU)
1
NATO
1
United Nations (UN)
1
Journalism
1
Associations & Networks of Journalists
1
Journalism Education & Training
1
Journalistic Quality
1
Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
1
Radio News
1
Print Journalism
1
Court Reporting & Media Representation of Judicial System
1
Election Reporting
1
Political Reporting
1
African Languages
1
Media Assistance
1
Communication Systems
1
Information Exchange
1
Presentation of Information
1
Interpersonal Communication, Interpersonal Relations
1
Social Communication
1
Media & Information Literacy
1
Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
1
Radio Landscapes
1
Television Landscapes
1
Press Law & Regulation
1
Media Management
1
Marketing & Branding
1
Deutsche Welle
1
Radio Free Europe
1
South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC)
1
Radio Music
1
Lerner, Daniel (1917-1980)
1
Politics
1
Citizenship
1
Military
1
Fascism
1
Populism
1
Right-Wing Extremism
1
Socialism
1
Totalitarianism
1
Political Resistance
1
Democracy
1
Political Transition
1
State
1
Agenda Setting
1
Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers, Elites
1
Political Parties: Communication Strategies
1
Political Television Programmes & Political Talkshows
1
Magazines
1
Nigerian Tribune (Newspaper, Nigeria)
1
Periodicals
1
Public Media, State Media
1
Public Service Broadcasting
1
Radio Liberty
1
Radio-Télévision Libre des Milles Collines (RTLM)
1
Satellite Radios
1
Gatekeeping Function of Media
1
Social Integration: Role of Media
1
Taliban
1
Jihad
1
Islam and Communication
1
Religion (General)
1
Symbols: Religious
1
Interviewing (Journalistic Genre)
1
State Violence
1
Civil Society
1
Ethnocentrism
1
Population
1
Reality & Communication, Truth & Media
1
Social Change
1
Social Development
1
Society & Media, Media Sociology
1
Informatics
1
Short Wave Radio (SW)
1
Robots, Robotics
1
Commercial Television
1
Al-Manar (Television Channel, Lebanon)
1
Tele Liban (Television Channel, Lebanon)
1
Television Programming, Programme Structures & Programme Policies
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
"Die Medienentwicklung und die entscheidenden Züge der nationalsozialistischen Medienpolitik werden in den Bereichen Verlagswesen, Presse und Journalismus, Rundfunk sowie Film und Kino dargestellt. Erstmals werden dabei die deutschen Entwicklungen zu jenen im faschistischen Italien und franquistisc ... more

Global Communication: A Multicultural Perspective

Lanham et al.: Rowman & Littlefield, 4th ed. (2025), xxxiv, 443 pp.
"Twenty-four highly accomplished and prominent media scholars representing ten countries provide a survey of international communication, public relations and advertising, implications of globalization, international law and regulation, global culture, propaganda, transnational media, the shifting p ... more

Global Communication and Propaganda

In: Global Communication: A Multicultural Perspective
Yahya R. Kamalipour (ed.)
Lanham et al.: Rowman & Littlefield (2025), pp. 153-198
"Propaganda involves the persuasive communication process to influence and convert individuals and the public at large, directly or implicitly, through the use of purposively chosen and partial, or even fabricated, disinformation [...] Regarding the understanding of propaganda, the first mistake is ... more

Political Technology: The Globalisation of Political Manipulation

Cambridge et al.: Cambridge University Press (2024), xii, 486 pp.
"Political technology' is a Russian term for the professional engineering of politics. It has turned Russian politics into theatre and propaganda, and metastasised to take over foreign policy and weaponise history. The war against Ukraine is one outcome. In the West, spin doctors and political consu ... more
"This article examines the portrayal of Mao Zedong in Chinese literacy textbooks published within the context of the Patriotic Education Campaign during the 1980s and 1990s. Employing critical discourse analysis, this study reveals that Mao is depicted as an authoritative, charismatic, and industrio ... more
"In February 2020, the Communist Youth League introduced two virtual idols, Jiangshanjiao and Hongqiman, on Weibo to gain political solidarity during COVID-19. However, the move sparked massive criticism for using an animated female idol while ignoring the needs of female medical workers in the pand ... more

The Media Manipulation Casebook

Cambridge, MA: Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy (2023)
"The Media Manipulation Casebook is a research platform [launched in 2019] that advances knowledge of misinformation and disinformation and their threats to democracy, public health, and security. The Casebook is a resource for building the field of Critical Internet Studies by equipping researchers ... more
"As conspiracy theories have become a popular form of political discourse worldwide, states have promoted conspiratorial ideas to advance their foreign policy goals. Yet, despite recent attention to the spread of propaganda abroad, scholars have not addressed whether and how conspiracy theories spre ... more
"Wie wird Propaganda im Medium Fernsehen im 21. Jahrhundert gemacht und welche Strategien werden dafür verwendet? Diesen Fragen geht die vorliegende Studie nach, indem sie die mediale Berichterstattung in Russland über den Konflikt in der Ukraine im Jahr 2014 untersucht. Im Fokus stehen russische ... more
"Although China's official position on the war has been that of neutrality-not aligning with the West against Russia and not directly supporting Russia's war in Ukraine-its communications about the war, in particular its propaganda via state media and Foreign Ministry spokespeople have carried a mor ... more
"In the late 2010s, the Internet overtook television as the most popular media format in Russia. It was also the time when Russian-speaking YouTube went political: well-known bloggers started producing political content, opposition politicians became the most popular YouTubers, and finally mainstrea ... more

Frontier Influencers: The New Face of China’s Propaganda

Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI), International Cyber Policy Centre (2022), 52 pp.
"This report explores how the Chinese party-state's globally focused propaganda and disinformation capabilities are evolving and increasing in sophistication. Concerningly, this emerging approach by the Chinese party-state to influence international discourse on China, including obfuscating its reco ... more
"This companion brings together various concepts used to analyse dimensions of media disinformation and populism. The companion is theoretically and methodologically comprehensive and features various historical and critical approaches providing a full and incisive understanding of media, misinforma ... more
"A thematic meta-analysis – of recent literature on online propaganda in the context of the Global South, and 20 Facebook-funded research projects in 2018 – shows that research is overwhelmingly focused on the psychological and behavioral impacts of propaganda. This research advocates for promot ... more
"[...] Im günstigen Falle bilden Bibliotheken, Archive, Museen, Forschungseinrichtungen und Medien mit digitalen Angeboten, geeignet kontextualisiert und erklärt, Anlaufpunkte der Orientierung und befördern den Diskurs über den Nationalsozialismus und die damit verbundenen abscheulichen Gräuelt ... more

Pillars of Russia's Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State (2020), 76 pp.
"Russia has operationalized the concept of perpetual adversarial competition in the information environment by encouraging the development of a disinformation and propaganda ecosystem that allows for varied and overlapping approaches that reinforce each other even when individual messages within the ... more
"Artificially intelligent “bot” accounts attack politicians and public figures on social media. Conspiracy theorists publish junk news sites to promote their outlandish beliefs. Campaigners create fake dating profiles to attract young voters. We live in a world of technologies that misdirect our ... more
"The aim of this paper is to investigate the phenomena of misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation, as well as their impact on the political sphere. In addition, the paper attempts to explain the harmful influence of misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation on public debates, dem ... more
"It is paramount, MIT social media expert Sinan Aral says, that we recognize the outsized impact social media has on our culture, our democracy, and our lives in order to steer today's social technology toward good, while avoiding the ways it can pull us apart. Otherwise, we could fall victim to wha ... more
"Desinformation ist eine Konstante der politischen Kommunikation. Doch mit der Wahl Donald Trumps zum Präsidenten der Vereinigten Staaten und der Brexit-Abstimmung in Großbritannien erhielten bewusst lancierte Falschnachrichten eine neue gesellschaftliche Bedeutung. Denn nun wurde sichtbar, welche ... more