"This NAB guide is [...] aimed at assisting community radio as well as industry stakeholders to unpack current and future challenges facing the sector. These include issues such as digital disruption, technology convergence and the impact of new content platforms. The guide also provides an overview
...
of broadcasting policy and legislative matters, and a list of useful links to resources and research papers. It includes recently developed tools by media monitoring practitioners on fake news and social media.
The first section looks back to the evolution and growth of community radio in South Africa. It briefly explores the radio ecosystem and community radio’s unique mandate, with an emphasis on advancing the goals of the South African Constitution – including freedom of expression, access to information, transparency and accountability. It outlines key regulatory frameworks governing the sector and reflects on a few persistent challenges. The second section provides an overview of the current legislative framework and highlights policy developments. The third section looks to the future – to the possibilities and challenges brought about by advances in new technologies and content platforms. The last section provides a resource list so that practitioners can widen their learning and research, as well as to start curating and archiving the wealth of written materials generated on the community sector – both locally and internationally. It contains a list of useful website and training institutions. The
icon in the text points readers to readings of specific relevance to that section.
The guide is essentially aimed at enabling the user to prepare a “future-proof” strategy for continued relevance, sustainability and viability. It could also serve as a framework on which to build, as we’ve reached 25 years of community radio in South Africa." (Pages 1-2)
more
"La présente étude ambitionne de formuler une meilleure régulation des radios communautaires à travers une approche descriptive, analytique et prospective. Il s’est agi tout d’abord de dresser un état des lieux des radios communautaires; ensuite d’analyser la régulation de ces médias da
...
ns les trois pays; et enfin d’entrevoir les voies et moyens pour renforcer les liens organiques entre les radios communautaires et la régulation institutionnelle. La réalisation de l’étude a tenu compte des impacts de l’insécurité sur le travail quotidien des radios communautaires, des attentes des acteurs médiatiques et des expériences des instances de régulation des médias. Elle a débouché sur la formulation d’une approche de régulation, à la fois innovante et opérante, dont la finalité est de contribuer à consolider les libertés individuelles et collectives dans l’espace du Liptako – Gourma. Le rapport de cette étude pourra servir à alimenter les débats sur la régulation des médias en période de crise en général et sur la régulation des radios communautaires en particulier. Il pourra également servir à renforcer la stratégie de plaidoyer sur la liberté de la presse mise en œuvre au Burkina Faso, au Mali et au Niger par les organisations faîtières des médias, dans le cadre du Programme Sahel." (Introduction)
more
"A Artigo 19 entende que muitos comunicadores populares se encontram em situação de vulnerabilidade social e legal em decorrência da omissão do Estado em regularizar o funcionamento de suas rádios e de suas políticas restritivas para o setor. Por esse motivo, elaborou orientações que serão
...
reunidas em dois blocos – primeiro algumas perguntas e respostas sobre o procedimento de fiscalização das rádios e, depois, a respeito dos processos criminais que podem enfrentar os comunicadores comunitários. Tais orientações são baseadas no fato de que os agentes da Anatel e da Polícia Federal são obrigados a seguir procedimentos padrão baseados na legislação brasileira, como também devem seguir uma conduta ética —e o mesmo vale para os processos criminais que podem ser instaurados contra os radiocomunicadores. Com o objetivo de sanar o desencontro de informações a respeito desses procedimentos, esta publicação irá apresentar um panorama geral dos problemas enfrentados pelas rádios comunitárias e, em seguida, analisar a possibilidade de agilizar a obtenção da outorga de funcionamento via instrumentos legais e administrativos, além de orientar os comunicadores sobre os seus direitos e como agir caso suas rádios enfrentem procedimentos de fiscalização, levando em conta ações que possam ser tomadas nesse momento e em momento posterior, no âmbito judicial." (Objetivo da publicação, página 11-12)
more
"Como parte de sus objetivos y tareas principales, el Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación Medios y Convergencia (OBSERVACOM) realiza un monitoreo sistemático de las regulaciones y políticas públicas de los países de la región respecto al acceso, la diversidad y el pluralismo en materia
...
de medios de comunicación y libertad de expresión, prestando una especial atención a la situación de la radio y televisión comunitaria. Como una de los resultados de este trabajo hemos realizado el siguiente informe comparado de la legislación existente en la materia, con el objetivo de analizar la compatibilidad de los marcos normativos latinoamericanos con los estándares sobre libertad de expresión aprobados por los órganos del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos. A continuación, compartimos con ustedes los principales hallazgos de la investigación, esperando sea un aporte útil para el desarrollo de sus funciones." (Página 3)
more
"There are currently 280 community broadcasting services (275 community sound and 5 community television services). According to AC Nielsen and All Media and Products Survey (AMPS) data, community broadcasting services collectively take up an audience share of 6.3 million people in South Africa. How
...
ever, this has not necessarily translated into advertising revenue, for example Community TV has a 9.5% reach but only yield an advertising spend less than 1%. Likewise, Community radio reaches 25%2 of the population but only receives 2% of the advertising spend. At face value this can be attributed to the profile of the community sector’s audience, that is, this sector does not deliver audiences that are attractive enough to advertisers to derive revenue that is comparable to commercial and public broadcasting services. However, factors contributing to the success of the community broadcasting sector are more complex. The study highlights the fact that the community broadcasting sector’s challenges emanate from a lack of corporate governance, management capacity and revenue diversification strategies. There is also a limited concerted institutional support, capacity building and funding strategies for community broadcasting in South Africa. Currently the Authority ‘s regulation of corporate governance, financial accountability and community participation is limited. Given the time and resources expended on addressing compliance challenges associated with this sector, it may be necessary for the Authority to consider Regulations or guidelines to address these shortcomings." (Executive summary)
more
"The findings show that community radio stations in Anglophone West African countries are owned and controlled by the community; the community radio in Anglophone West African countries is regulated along the broad guidelines that guide broadcasting in those countries; and community radio is used fo
...
r various purposes with the central focus on development. The study recommends that Governments should encourage the operation of community radio by granting license to willing communities; avoid undue interference in the operation of the community radio; and big organizations and non-governmental organizations should support community radio financially and logistically and the Nigerian government should commence the licensing of community radio in the country." (Abstract)
more
"O trabalho compila sete teses jurídicas que podem ser usadas para a defesa de rádios comunitárias em processos judiciais, trazendo informações como a argumentação e a legislação que serve de base para a tese, o momento processual que ela deve ser usada e a jurisprudência já existente. O
...
objetivo é buscar garantir que princípios constitucionais e penais e os padrões internacionais que dispõem sobre a questão sejam respeitados. Voltado para a comunidade jurídica, o trabalho visa fazer um contraponto ao cenário de hostilidade às rádios comunitárias no Brasil. Segundo levantamento da ARTIGO 19 junto a 657 acórdãos julgados entre 2009 e 2012 pelos Tribunais Regionais Federais das cinco regiões do país, mais da metade (54%) das ações propostas contra rádios comunitárias são de natureza penalPara a ARTIGO 19, o direito administrativo e civil é muito mais adequado para a aplicação de sanções, especialmente ao verificarmos um cenario em que o direito penal vem sendo aplicado de forma desproporcional e desnecessária." (Página web artigo19.org)
more
"En este artículo se analiza en qué medida las políticas públicas de comunicación y cultura fueron uno de los factores fundamentales que contribuyeron para construir la posición de profunda desventaja en términos de sostenibilidad económica de los medios comunitarios, populares y alternativo
...
s de Argentina con respecto a los medios de propiedad privada con fines de lucro, a los de propiedad estatal y a otras industrias culturales. Se pretende demostrar que estos medios, en comparación con medios privados y estatales y con otras industrias culturales, se han desarrollado en históricas condiciones de desigualdad que perjudicaron sus posibilidades de sostenibilidad económica en el tiempo." (Abstract)
more
"This report is a qualitative study focussing on Zimbabwe’s failure and/or refusal to license community radio stations since 2001, despite existing legal frameworks providing for such. It looks at the Constitution of Zimbabwe and the Broadcasting Services Act, the two key pieces of legislation whi
...
ch provide the legal framework for the licensing of broadcasting services. The report also looks at the country’s obligations under international human rights law, experiences of people attempting to obtain community licenses and identifies the gaps that exist between policy and practice. The report is based on field visits to Zimbabwe by Amnesty International delegates conducted in August, September and October 2014 and in March 2015. A total of 29 activists involved in advocacy for establishment of community radio stations were interviewed in Bulawayo, Gweru, Harare, Kariba, Kwekwe, Lupane and Masvingo." (Page 5)
more
"L’objectif de ce diagnostic est de mettre en lumière les derniers développements du secteur des radios communautaires et associatives tunisiennes, leurs points de force et les points de faiblesse. C’est aussi l’occasion pour avoir une vision globale sur l’approche des institutions qui rè
...
glent le secteur." (Introduction)
more
"In the Declaration of the Committee of Ministers on the role of community media in promoting social cohesion and intercultural dialogue passed on 11 February 2009 by the Council of Europe, stations run by religious institutions were explicitly excluded from the community media definition, as being
...
too dependent on the Church. But the reality seems to be far from this definition. In practice, in many countries the religious radio stations officially belong to—or even dominate—this sector. In 2011 a new period began for community broadcasting in Hungary. While most of the former community media broadcasters could not find resources with which to operate, the community media landscape was dramatically overwhelmed by religious broadcasters both on regional and local levels. The legally-recognised third tier of broadcasting in Poland called ‘social broadcasting’ is actively and exclusively used by religious radio—seven stations broadcast locally and one is a powerful nationwide radio station called Radio Maryja. The authors gathered information and points of views from radio experts, organizations and activists living and working in different EU and non-EU states about the place of religious broadcasting in the community media sector. Two case-studies (Hungary and Poland) may be of interest for countries considering the introduction or reorganisation of regulations regarding community broadcasting." (Abstract)
more
"Auch wenn es in Brasilien heute mehr als 4.000 Community Radios gibt, empfinden viele der Radiomachenden die gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen nicht als adäquate Übersetzung des »Rechts auf Radio«. Sie setzen den legalen Einschränkungen ihres Medienmachens deshalb ein wirkmächtiges Konzept entge
...
gen, nämlich das medialer Legitimation. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeichnet diese Strategien und ihre spezifischen Akteur_innen auf interdisziplinärem Terrain nach. Mithilfe eines explorativen mapping des brasilianischen Radionarrativs zeigt sie, wie etablierter Akteur_innen in ihrer Monopolstellung herausgefordert werden, welche spezifischen Vorschläge eines »anderen« Radiomachens gegenüber dem staatlichen script von Community Radio formuliert werden und schließlich, anhand von 17 Fallbeispielen, wie Sendekollektive sich situativ zu legitimieren suchen. Dabei wird ein zentrales Dilemma sichtbar: Es gibt in Brasililien derzeit keinen Ort, an dem alle relevanten Akteur_innen zusammentreffen, um eine konsensuelle (Neu)Bestimmung von »Rundfunk« vorzunehmen zu können. Auf theoretischer Ebene leistet die Arbeit einen Beitrag zu medienpolitischen Debatten in Brasilien und Lateinamerika. Sie fokussiert dabei auf die Frage medialer Legitimation und zeigt, wie unterschiedliche gesellschaftliche Akteur_innen sich dieses Konzept aneignen. Der Ansatz der Akteur-innen-Netzwerk-Theorie im Rahmen einer (multi- sited) Medienethnografie trägt dazu bei, statische Definitionen und Kategorisierungen des Rundfunks zu überwinden, die einer breiten gesellschaftlichen Aushandlung und Aneignung des Mediums abträglich sind." (Zusammenfassung)
more
"Nas próximas páginas queremos dar uma olhada ampla sobre a prática e os desafios da radiodifusão comunitária no Brasil e em outros países. Convidamos uma turma diversa de 11 autoras e autores, entre elas e eles jornalistas, radialistas, acadêmicos e advogadas. As suas abordagens são origina
...
is, convidam-nos para conhecer a radiodifusão comunitária de perto de um ângulo tanto crítico como solidário. São expostos nos textos como organizações internacionais e nacionais influenciam sobre o acesso e o uso do espectro eletromagnético, nos contam dos problemas cotidianos das emissoras independentes no Brasil, México e nos Estados Unidos para conseguir uma outorga. E perguntam por que as rádios comunitárias reproduzem a falta de interesse no esporte feminino, não conseguem romper por completo com tendências homofóbicas da imprensa e não defendem com maior vigor o acesso de migrantes aos ondas eletromagnéticos." (Página 4)
more
"Community radio remains the most readily available means of access to information for the majority of poor communities in South Africa. In this regard, the purpose served by community radio within communities is elevated to encompass greater significance in the promotion of active citizens and part
...
icipation at the local level. In a rapidly changing socio-economic and civil-political context, it is therefore vital that the long term sustainability of this medium be ensured. This study explored the operating environment and narrows the scope of issues impacting on social, institutional and financial sustainability of community radio. The influence of government regulation and community participation were identified as the primary concerns for sustainability. Government, through ICASA and the various broadcasting legal and policy instruments, has immediate responsibilities for community media and community radio in particular which include: the allocation and management of radio frequency spectrum; regulation of spectrum and content among others. How these responsibilities are fulfilled can greatly affect the long term sustainability of community radio in South Africa. These concerns require further examination in order to ensure that efforts of government are influenced for apt and suitable regulatory response. On the other end of the spectrum, the role of communities requires further exploration to ensure that it is exercised with positive effect." (Conclusion)
more
"El objetivo de este trabajo es ampliar la información y difusión sobre el contexto real en el que las radios comunitarias posibilitan el ejercicio de la libertad de expresión desde las comunidades. Con este informe esperamos contribuir a visibilizar e impulsar el análisis sobre el tercer sector
...
de la comunicación en el país. Este trabajo ha sido elaborado a partir de los resultados obtenidos de la investigación de campo levantada en siete estados de la república con contextos diversos que han incidido en el quehacer radiofónico de la ciudadanía y de las comunidades. Con la ayuda de nuestras asociadas se contactó a otros colectivos radiofónicos en Puebla, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Michoacán, Sonora, Nuevo León y Chiapas, con quienes se organizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas grupales e individuales." (Presentación)
more
"This report maps the complex legislative frameworks of community broadcasters in more than 30 countries. It examines how the sector can be strengthened in line with international standards and provides analysis and recommendations that may be of interest to donors and policy makers as they set prio
...
rities for media development." (Foreword)
more